[libc++][C++17] Elementary string conversions for integral types

Summary:
Major QoI considerations:

- The facility is backported to C++14, same as libstdc++.
- Efforts have been made to minimize the header dependencies.
- The design is friendly to the uses of MSVC intrinsics (`__emulu`, `_umul128`, `_BitScanForward`, `_BitScanForward64`) but not implemented; future contributions are welcome.

Thanks to Milo Yip for contributing the implementation of `__u64toa` and `__u32toa`.

References:
 https://wg21.link/p0067r5
 https://wg21.link/p0682r1

Reviewers: mclow.lists, EricWF

Reviewed By: mclow.lists

Subscribers: ldionne, Quuxplusone, christof, mgorny, cfe-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D41458

git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/libcxx/trunk@338479 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8

include/module.modulemap

@@ -235,6 +235,10 @@ module std [system] {
     export *
   }
   // No submodule for cassert. It fundamentally needs repeated, textual inclusion.
+  module charconv {
+    header "charconv"
+    export *
+  }
   module chrono {
     header "chrono"
     export *