c-user: SMP thread dispatching

Close #2809.

c-user/symmetric_multiprocessing_services.rst

@@ -553,69 +553,35 @@ interrupt latencies introduced by thread dispatching.  A thread dispatch
 consists of all work which must be done to stop the currently executing thread
 on a processor and hand over this processor to an heir thread.
 
-On SMP systems, scheduling decisions on one processor must be propagated to
+In SMP systems, scheduling decisions on one processor must be propagated
-other processors through inter-processor interrupts.  So, a thread dispatch
+to other processors through inter-processor interrupts.  A thread dispatch
-which must be carried out on another processor happens not instantaneous.  Thus
+which must be carried out on another processor does not happen instantaneously.
-several thread dispatch requests might be in the air and it is possible that
+Thus, several thread dispatch requests might be in the air and it is possible
-some of them may be out of date before the corresponding processor has time to
+that some of them may be out of date before the corresponding processor has
-deal with them.  The thread dispatch mechanism uses three per-processor
+time to deal with them.  The thread dispatch mechanism uses three per-processor
 variables,
 
 - the executing thread,
 
 - the heir thread, and
 
-- an boolean flag indicating if a thread dispatch is necessary or not.
+- a boolean flag indicating if a thread dispatch is necessary or not.
 
-Updates of the heir thread and the thread dispatch necessary indicator are
+Updates of the heir thread are done via a normal store operation.  The thread
-synchronized via explicit memory barriers without the use of locks.  A thread
+dispatch necessary indicator of another processor is set as a side-effect of an
-can be an heir thread on at most one processor in the system.  The thread
+inter-processor interrupt.  So, this change notification works without the use
-context is protected by a TTAS lock embedded in the context to ensure that it
+of locks.  The thread context is protected by a TTAS lock embedded in the
-is used on at most one processor at a time.  The thread post-switch actions use
+context to ensure that it is used on at most one processor at a time.
-a per-processor lock.  This implementation turned out to be quite efficient and
+Normally, only thread-specific or per-processor locks are used during a thread
-no lock contention was observed in the test suite.
+dispatch.  This implementation turned out to be quite efficient and no lock
+contention was observed in the testsuite.  The heavy-weight thread dispatch
+sequence is only entered in case the thread dispatch indicator is set.
 
-The current implementation of thread dispatching has some implications with
+The context-switch is performed with interrupts enabled.  During the transition
-respect to the interrupt latency.  It is crucial to preserve the system
+from the executing to the heir thread neither the stack of the executing nor
-invariant that a thread can execute on at most one processor in the system at a
+the heir thread must be used during interrupt processing.  For this purpose a
-time.  This is accomplished with a boolean indicator in the thread context.
+temporary per-processor stack is set up which may be used by the interrupt
-The processor architecture specific context switch code will mark that a thread
+prologue before the stack is switched to the interrupt stack.
-context is no longer executing and waits that the heir context stopped
-execution before it restores the heir context and resumes execution of the heir
-thread (the boolean indicator is basically a TTAS lock).  So, there is one
-point in time in which a processor is without a thread.  This is essential to
-avoid cyclic dependencies in case multiple threads migrate at once.  Otherwise
-some supervising entity is necessary to prevent deadlocks.  Such a global
-supervisor would lead to scalability problems so this approach is not used.
-Currently the context switch is performed with interrupts disabled.  Thus in
-case the heir thread is currently executing on another processor, the time of
-disabled interrupts is prolonged since one processor has to wait for another
-processor to make progress.
-
-It is difficult to avoid this issue with the interrupt latency since interrupts
-normally store the context of the interrupted thread on its stack.  In case a
-thread is marked as not executing, we must not use its thread stack to store
-such an interrupt context.  We cannot use the heir stack before it stopped
-execution on another processor.  If we enable interrupts during this
-transition, then we have to provide an alternative thread independent stack for
-interrupts in this time frame.  This issue needs further investigation.
-
-The problematic situation occurs in case we have a thread which executes with
-thread dispatching disabled and should execute on another processor (e.g. it is
-an heir thread on another processor).  In this case the interrupts on this
-other processor are disabled until the thread enables thread dispatching and
-starts the thread dispatch sequence.  The scheduler (an exception is the
-scheduler with thread processor affinity support) tries to avoid such a
-situation and checks if a new scheduled thread already executes on a processor.
-In case the assigned processor differs from the processor on which the thread
-already executes and this processor is a member of the processor set managed by
-this scheduler instance, it will reassign the processors to keep the already
-executing thread in place.  Therefore normal scheduler requests will not lead
-to such a situation.  Explicit thread migration requests, however, can lead to
-this situation.  Explicit thread migrations may occur due to the scheduler
-helping protocol or explicit scheduler instance changes.  The situation can
-also be provoked by interrupts which suspend and resume threads multiple times
-and produce stale asynchronous thread dispatch requests in the system.
 
 Operations
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