rtems-docs/bsp_howto/networking.rst

Networking Driver
#################

Introduction
============

This chapter is intended to provide an introduction to the
procedure for writing RTEMS network device drivers.
The example code is taken from the ‘Generic 68360’ network device
driver.  The source code for this driver is located in the``c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/network`` directory in the RTEMS
source code distribution.  Having a copy of this driver at
hand when reading the following notes will help significantly.

Learn about the network device
==============================

Before starting to write the network driver become completely
familiar with the programmer’s view of the device.
The following points list some of the details of the
device that must be understood before a driver can be written.

- Does the device use DMA to transfer packets to and from
  memory or does the processor have to
  copy packets to and from memory on the device?

- If the device uses DMA, is it capable of forming a single
  outgoing packet from multiple fragments scattered in separate
  memory buffers?

- If the device uses DMA, is it capable of chaining multiple
  outgoing packets, or does each outgoing packet require
  intervention by the driver?

- Does the device automatically pad short frames to the minimum
  64 bytes or does the driver have to supply the padding?

- Does the device automatically retry a transmission on detection
  of a collision?

- If the device uses DMA, is it capable of buffering multiple
  packets to memory, or does the receiver have to be restarted
  after the arrival of each packet?

- How are packets that are too short, too long, or received with
  CRC errors handled?  Does the device automatically continue
  reception or does the driver have to intervene?

- How is the device Ethernet address set?  How is the device
  programmed to accept or reject broadcast and multicast packets?

- What interrupts does the device generate?  Does it generate an
  interrupt for each incoming packet, or only for packets received
  without error?  Does it generate an interrupt for each packet
  transmitted, or only when the transmit queue is empty?  What
  happens when a transmit error is detected?

In addition, some controllers have specific questions regarding
board specific configuration.  For example, the SONIC Ethernet
controller has a very configurable data bus interface.  It can
even be configured for sixteen and thirty-two bit data buses.  This
type of information should be obtained from the board vendor.

Understand the network scheduling conventions
=============================================

When writing code for the driver transmit and receive tasks,
take care to follow the network scheduling conventions.  All tasks
which are associated with networking share various
data structures and resources.  To ensure the consistency
of these structures the tasks
execute only when they hold the network semaphore (``rtems_bsdnet_semaphore``).
The transmit and receive tasks must abide by this protocol.  Be very
careful to avoid ‘deadly embraces’ with the other network tasks.
A number of routines are provided to make it easier for the network
driver code to conform to the network task scheduling conventions.

- ``void rtems_bsdnet_semaphore_release(void)``
  This function releases the network semaphore.
  The network driver tasks must call this function immediately before
  making any blocking RTEMS request.

- ``void rtems_bsdnet_semaphore_obtain(void)``
  This function obtains the network semaphore.
  If a network driver task has released the network semaphore to allow other
  network-related tasks to run while the task blocks, then this function must
  be called to reobtain the semaphore immediately after the return from the
  blocking RTEMS request.

- ``rtems_bsdnet_event_receive(rtems_event_set, rtems_option, rtems_interval, rtems_event_set \*)``
  The network driver task should call this function when it wishes to wait
  for an event.  This function releases the network semaphore,
  calls ``rtems_event_receive`` to wait for the specified event
  or events and reobtains the semaphore.
  The value returned is the value returned by the ``rtems_event_receive``.

Network Driver Makefile
=======================

Network drivers are considered part of the BSD network package and as such
are to be compiled with the appropriate flags.  This can be accomplished by
adding ``-D__INSIDE_RTEMS_BSD_TCPIP_STACK__`` to the ``command line``.
If the driver is inside the RTEMS source tree or is built using the
RTEMS application Makefiles, then adding the following line accomplishes
this:

.. code:: c

    DEFINES += -D__INSIDE_RTEMS_BSD_TCPIP_STACK__

This is equivalent to the following list of definitions.  Early versions
of the RTEMS BSD network stack required that all of these be defined.

.. code:: c

    -D_COMPILING_BSD_KERNEL_ -DKERNEL -DINET -DNFS \\
    -DDIAGNOSTIC -DBOOTP_COMPAT

Defining these macros tells the network header files that the driver
is to be compiled with extended visibility into the network stack.  This
is in sharp contrast to applications that simply use the network stack.
Applications do not require this level of visibility and should stick
to the portable application level API.

As a direct result of being logically internal to the network stack,
network drivers use the BSD memory allocation routines   This means,
for example, that malloc takes three arguments.  See the SONIC
device driver (``c/src/lib/libchip/network/sonic.c``) for an example
of this.  Because of this, network drivers should not include``<stdlib.h>``.  Doing so will result in conflicting definitions
of ``malloc()``.

*Application level* code including network servers such as the FTP
daemon are *not* part of the BSD kernel network code and should not be
compiled with the BSD network flags.  They should include``<stdlib.h>`` and not define the network stack visibility
macros.

Write the Driver Attach Function
================================

The driver attach function is responsible for configuring the driver
and making the connection between the network stack
and the driver.

Driver attach functions take a pointer to an``rtems_bsdnet_ifconfig`` structure as their only argument.
and set the driver parameters based on the
values in this structure.  If an entry in the configuration
structure is zero the attach function chooses an
appropriate default value for that parameter.

The driver should then set up several fields in the ifnet structure
in the device-dependent data structure supplied and maintained by the driver:

``ifp->if_softc``
    Pointer to the device-dependent data.  The first entry
    in the device-dependent data structure must be an ``arpcom``
    structure.

``ifp->if_name``
    The name of the device.  The network stack uses this string
    and the device number for device name lookups.  The device name should
    be obtained from the ``name`` entry in the configuration structure.

``ifp->if_unit``
    The device number.  The network stack uses this number and the
    device name for device name lookups.  For example, if``ifp->if_name`` is ‘``scc``’ and ``ifp->if_unit`` is ‘``1``’,
    the full device name would be ‘``scc1``’.  The unit number should be
    obtained from the ‘name’ entry in the configuration structure.

``ifp->if_mtu``
    The maximum transmission unit for the device.  For Ethernet
    devices this value should almost always be 1500.

``ifp->if_flags``
    The device flags.  Ethernet devices should set the flags
    to ``IFF_BROADCAST|IFF_SIMPLEX``, indicating that the
    device can broadcast packets to multiple destinations
    and does not receive and transmit at the same time.

``ifp->if_snd.ifq_maxlen``
    The maximum length of the queue of packets waiting to be
    sent to the driver.  This is normally set to ``ifqmaxlen``.

``ifp->if_init``
    The address of the driver initialization function.

``ifp->if_start``
    The address of the driver start function.

``ifp->if_ioctl``
    The address of the driver ioctl function.

``ifp->if_output``
    The address of the output function.  Ethernet devices
    should set this to ``ether_output``.

RTEMS provides a function to parse the driver name in the
configuration structure into a device name and unit number.
.. code:: c

    int rtems_bsdnet_parse_driver_name (
    const struct rtems_bsdnet_ifconfig \*config,
    char \**namep
    );

The function takes two arguments; a pointer to the configuration
structure and a pointer to a pointer to a character.  The function
parses the configuration name entry, allocates memory for the driver
name, places the driver name in this memory, sets the second argument
to point to the name and returns the unit number.
On error, a message is printed and -1 is returned.

Once the attach function  has set up the above entries it must link the
driver data structure onto the list of devices by
calling ``if_attach``.  Ethernet devices should then
call ``ether_ifattach``.  Both functions take a pointer to the
device’s ``ifnet`` structure as their only argument.

The attach function should return a non-zero value to indicate that
the driver has been successfully configured and attached.

Write the Driver Start Function.
================================

This function is called each time the network stack wants to start the
transmitter.  This occures whenever the network stack adds a packet
to a device’s send queue and the ``IFF_OACTIVE`` bit in the
device’s ``if_flags`` is not set.

For many devices this function need only set the ``IFF_OACTIVE`` bit in the``if_flags`` and send an event to the transmit task
indicating that a packet is in the driver transmit queue.

Write the Driver Initialization Function.
=========================================

This function should initialize the device, attach to interrupt handler,
and start the driver transmit and receive tasks.  The function
.. code:: c

    rtems_id
    rtems_bsdnet_newproc (char \*name,
    int stacksize,
    void(\*entry)(void \*),
    void \*arg);

should be used to start the driver tasks.

Note that the network stack may call the driver initialization function more
than once.
Make sure multiple versions of the receive and transmit tasks are not accidentally
started.

Write the Driver Transmit Task
==============================

This task is reponsible for removing packets from the driver send queue and sending them to the device.  The task should block waiting for an event from the
driver start function indicating that packets are waiting to be transmitted.
When the transmit task has drained the driver send queue the task should clear
the ``IFF_OACTIVE`` bit in ``if_flags`` and block until another outgoing
packet is queued.

Write the Driver Receive Task
=============================

This task should block until a packet arrives from the device.  If the
device is an Ethernet interface the function ``ether_input`` should be called
to forward the packet to the network stack.   The arguments to ``ether_input``
are a pointer to the interface data structure, a pointer to the ethernet
header and a pointer to an mbuf containing the packet itself.

Write the Driver Interrupt Handler
==================================

A typical interrupt handler will do nothing more than the hardware
manipulation required to acknowledge the interrupt and send an RTEMS event
to wake up the driver receive or transmit task waiting for the event.
Network interface interrupt handlers must not make any calls to other
network routines.

Write the Driver IOCTL Function
===============================

This function handles ioctl requests directed at the device.  The ioctl
commands which must be handled are:

``SIOCGIFADDR``

``SIOCSIFADDR``

    If the device is an Ethernet interface these
    commands should be passed on to ``ether_ioctl``.

``SIOCSIFFLAGS``

    This command should be used to start or stop the device,
    depending on the state of the interface ``IFF_UP`` and``IFF_RUNNING`` bits in ``if_flags``:

    ``IFF_RUNNING``

        Stop the device.

    ``IFF_UP``

        Start the device.

    ``IFF_UP|IFF_RUNNING``

        Stop then start the device.

    ``0``

        Do nothing.

Write the Driver Statistic-Printing Function
============================================

This function should print the values of any statistic/diagnostic
counters the network driver may use.  The driver ioctl function should call
the statistic-printing function when the ioctl command is``SIO_RTEMS_SHOW_STATS``.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.