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253 lines
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ReStructuredText
253 lines
10 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-4.0
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.. Copyright (C) 2018.
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.. COMMENT: RTEMS Foundation, The RTEMS Documentation Project
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.. COMMENT:TBD - Convert the following to Rest and insert into this file
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.. COMMENT:TBD - https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/Conventions
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Coding Conventions
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******************
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The style of RTEMS is generally consistent in the core areas.
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This page attempts to capture generally accepted practices.
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When in doubt, consult the code around you or look in cpukit/rtems.
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See the sister page `Doxygen Recommendations <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/Doxygen>`_.
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for examples that illustrate style rules and Doxygen usage.
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Source Documentation
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--------------------
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* Use Doxygen according to our `Doxygen Recommendations <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/Doxygen>`_..
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* Start each file with a brief description followed by a license.
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See `Boilerplate File Header <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/Boilerplate_File_Header>`_..
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* Use /* */ comments.
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* Use comments wisely within function bodies, to explain
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or draw attention without being verbose.
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* Use English prose and strive for good grammar,
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spelling, and punctuation.
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* Use TODO: with a comment to indicate code that needs improvement.
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Make it clear what there is to do.
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* Use XXX or FIXME to indicate an error/bug/broken code.
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Licenses
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--------
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* The RTEMS `License <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/TBR/Website/License>`_. is the typical
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and preferred license.
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* 2- and 3-clause BSD, MIT, and other OSI-approved non-copyleft licenses
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that permit statically linking with the code of different licenses
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are acceptable.
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* GPL licensed code is NOT acceptable, neither is LGPL.
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See `this blog post explanation <http://gedare-csphd.blogspot.com/2013/05/software-licenses-with-rtems.html>`_.
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for more information.
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* Advertising obligations are NOT acceptable, but restrictions are permissible.
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Language and Compiler
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---------------------
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* Use C99.
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* Treat warnings as errors: eliminate them.
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* Favor C, but when assembly language is required use inline
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assembly if possible.
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* Do not use compiler extensions.
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* Use the RTEMS_macros defined in score/basedefs.h for abstracting
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compiler-specific features.
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* Use NULL for the null pointer, and prefer to use explicit
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checks against NULL, e.g.,
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.. code-block:: c
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if ( ptr != NULL )
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instead of
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.. code-block:: c
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if ( !ptr )
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* Use explicit checks for bits in variables.
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* Example 1: Use
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.. code-block:: c
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if ( XBITS == (var & XBITS) )
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to check for a set of defined bits.
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* Example 2: Use
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.. code-block:: c
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if ( (var & X_FLAGS) != 0) )
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instead of
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.. code-block:: c
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if ( !!(var & X_FLAGS) )
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to check for at least 1 defined bit in a set.
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* Use '(void) unused;' to mark unused parameters and set-but-unused
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variables immediately after being set.
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* Do not put function prototypes in C source files, any global functions
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should have a prototype in a header file and any private function
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should be declared static.
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* Declare global variables in exactly one header file.
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Define global variables in at most one source file.
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Include the header file declaring the global variable as
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the first include file if possible to make sure that the
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compiler checks the declaration and definition and that
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the header file is self-contained.
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* Do not cast arguments to any printf() or printk() variant.
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Use <inttypes.h> PRI constants for the types supported there.
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Use <rtems/inttypes.h> for the other POSIX and RTEMS types that
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have PRI constants defined there. This increases the portability
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of the printf() format.
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* Do not use the register keyword. It is deprecated since C++14.
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Formatting
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-----------
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* Use spaces instead of tabs.
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* Use two spaces for indentation, four spaces for
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hanging indentation.
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* Adhere to a limit of `80 characters per line <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/80_characters_per_line>`_..
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* Put function return types and names on one line if they fit.
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* Put function calls on one line if they fit.
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* No space between a function name or function-like macro and
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the opening parens.
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* Put braces on the same line as and one space after the
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conditional expression ends.
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* Put the opening brace of a function definition one line after
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the closing parenthesis of its prototype.
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* Put a single space inside and outside of each parenthesis
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of a conditional expression.
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* Exception: never put a space before a closing semi-colon.
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* Put a single space before and after ternary operators.
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* Put a single space before and after binary operators.
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* Put no space between unary operators (e.g. *, &, !, ~, ++, --)
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and their operands.
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* No spaces around dereferencing operators (-> and .).
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* Do not use more than one blank line in a row.
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* Do not use trailing whitespace at the end of a line.
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Readability
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------------
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* Understand and follow the `naming rules <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/NamingRules>`_..
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* Use typedef to remove 'struct', but do not use typedef
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to hide pointers or arrays.
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* Exception: typedef can be used to simplify function pointer types.
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* Do not mix variable declarations and code.
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* Declare variables at the start of a block.
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* Only use primitive initialization of variables at their declarations.
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Avoid complex initializations or function calls in variable declarations.
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* Do not put unrelated functions or data in a single file.
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* Do not declare functions inside functions.
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* Avoid deep nesting by using early exits e.g. return, break, continue.
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* Parameter checking should be done first with early error returns.
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* Avoid allocation and critical sections until error checking is done.
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* For error checks that require locking, do the checks early after acquiring locks.
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* Use of 'goto' requires good reason and justification.
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* Test and action should stay close together.
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* Avoid complex logic in conditional and loop statements.
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* Put conditional and loop statements on the line after the expression.
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* Favor inline functions to hide
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`compile-time feature-conditioned compilation <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/Compile-time_feature-conditioned_compilation>`_..
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* Define non-inline functions in a .c source file.
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* Declare all global (non-static) functions in a .h header file.
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* Declare and define inline functions in one place. Usually, this
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is a *impl.h header file.
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* Declare and define static functions in one place. Usually, this is
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toward the start of a .c file. Minimize forward declarations of
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static functions.
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* Function declarations should include variable names.
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* Avoid excess parentheses. Learn the
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`operator precedence <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B#Operator_precedence>`_. rules.
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* Always use parentheses with sizeof. This is an exception to the rule
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about excess parentheses.
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Robustness
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-----------
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* Check all return statuses.
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* Validate input parameters.
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* Use debug assertions (assert).
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* Use const when appropriate for read-only function parameters
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and compile-time constant values.
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* Do not hard code limits such as maximum instances into your code.
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* Prefer to use sizeof(variable) instead of sizeof(type).
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* Favor C automatic variables over global or static variables.
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* Use global variables only when necessary and ensure
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atomicity of operations.
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* Do not shadow variables.
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* Avoid declaring large buffers or structures on the stack.
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* Avoid using zero (0) as a valid value. Memory often
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defaults to being zero.
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* Favor mutual exclusion primitives over disabling preemption.
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* Avoid unnecessary dependencies, such as by not calling
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''printf()'' on error paths.
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* Avoid inline functions and macros with complicated logic
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and decision points.
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* Prefer inline functions, enum, and const variables instead of CPP macros.
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* CPP macros should use a leading underscore for parameter
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names and `avoid macro pitfalls <https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Macro-Pitfalls.html#Macro-Pitfalls>`_..
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Portability
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-----------
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* Think portable! RTEMS supports a lot of target hardware.
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* For integer primitives, prefer to use precise-width integer
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types from C99 stdint.h.
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* Write code that is 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit friendly.
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Maintainability
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---------------
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* Minimize modifications to `third-party code <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/ThirdPartyCode>`_..
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* Keep it simple! Simple code is easier to debug and easier to read than clever code.
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* Share code with other architectures, CPUs, and BSPs where possible.
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* Do not duplicate standard OS or C Library routines.
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Performance
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-----------
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* Prefer algorithms with the `lowest order of time and space <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/FAQ/AlgorithmicComplexity>`_.
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for fast, deterministic execution times with small memory footprints.
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* Understand the constraints of `real-time programming <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/TBR/Review/Real-Time_Resources>`_..
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Limit execution times in interrupt contexts and critical sections,
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such as Interrupt and Timer Service Routines (TSRs).
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* Functions used only through function pointers should be declared
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'static inline' (RTEMS_INLINE_ROUTINE)
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* Prefer to ++preincrement instead of postincrement++.
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* Avoid using floating point except where absolutely necessary.
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Miscellaneous
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-------------
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* If you need to temporarily change the execution mode of a
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task/thread, restore it.
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* If adding code to ''cpukit'' be sure the filename is unique since
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all files under that directory get merged into a single library.
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Layering
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--------
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* TBD: add something about the dependencies and header file layering.
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* Understand the `RTEMS Software Architecture <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/TBR/UserManual/RTEMS_Software_Architecture>'_.
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Exceptions to the Rules
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-----------------------
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* Minimize reformatting existing code in RTEMS unless the file undergoes
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substantial non-style changes.
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* `Third-party code <https://devel.rtems.org/wiki/Developer/Coding/ThirdPartyCode>`_.
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should not be reformatted to fit RTEMS style.
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Exception: unmaintained third-party code adopted and
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maintained by RTEMS may be reformatted, subject to the
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above rules.
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Tools
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-----
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Some of the above can be assisted by tool support. Feel free to add
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more tools, configurations, etc here.
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* `Uncrustify <http://uncrustify.sourceforge.net/>`_.
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Configuration for RTEMS:
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`rtems.uncrustify <https://devel.rtems.org/attachment/wiki/Developer/Coding/Conventions/rtems.uncrustify>`_.
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