rtems-docs/cpu_supplement/cpu_supplement_old_reference_only.rst

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=================================
RTEMS CPU Architecture Supplement
=================================

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COPYRIGHT © 1988 - 2015.

On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

The authors have used their best efforts in preparing
this material.  These efforts include the development, research,
and testing of the theories and programs to determine their
effectiveness.  No warranty of any kind, expressed or implied,
with regard to the software or the material contained in this
document is provided.  No liability arising out of the
application or use of any product described in this document is
assumed.  The authors reserve the right to revise this material
and to make changes from time to time in the content hereof
without obligation to notify anyone of such revision or changes.

The RTEMS Project is hosted at http://www.rtems.org.  Any
inquiries concerning RTEMS, its related support components, or its
documentation should be directed to the Community Project hosted athttp://www.rtems.org.

Any inquiries for commercial services including training, support, custom
development, application development assistance should be directed tohttp://www.rtems.com.

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RTEMS CPU Architecture Supplement
#################################

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.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

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Preface
#######

The Real Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems
(RTEMS) is designed to be portable across multiple processor
architectures.  However, the nature of real-time systems makes
it essential that the application designer understand certain
processor dependent implementation details.  These processor
dependencies include calling convention, board support package
issues, interrupt processing, exact RTEMS memory requirements,
performance data, header files, and the assembly language
interface to the executive.

Each architecture represents a CPU family and usually there are
a wide variety of CPU models within it.  These models share a
common Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) which often varies
based upon some well-defined rules.  There are often
multiple implementations of the ISA and these may be from
one or multiple vendors.

On top of variations in the ISA, there may also be variations
which occur when a CPU core implementation is combined with
a set of peripherals to form a system on chip.  For example,
there are many ARM CPU models from numerous semiconductor
vendors and a wide variety of peripherals.  But at the
ISA level, they share a common compatibility.

RTEMS depends upon this core similarity across the CPU models
and leverages that to minimize the source code that is specific
to any particular CPU core implementation or CPU model.

This manual is separate and distinct from the RTEMS Porting
Guide.  That manual is a guide on porting RTEMS to a new
architecture.  This manual is focused on the more mundane
CPU architecture specific issues that may impact
application development.  For example, if you need to write
a subroutine in assembly language, it is critical to understand
the calling conventions for the target architecture.

The first chapter in this manual describes these issues
in general terms.  In a sense, it is posing the questions
one should be aware may need to be answered and understood
when porting an RTEMS application to a new architecture.
Each subsequent chapter gives the answers to those questions
for a particular CPU architecture.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Port Specific Information
#########################

This chaper provides a general description of the type of
architecture specific information which is in each of
the architecture specific chapters that follow.  The outline
of this chapter is identical to that of the architecture
specific chapters.

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this
introductory section will provide an overview of the
architecture

**Architecture Documents**

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this
section will provide pointers on where to obtain
documentation.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

Microprocessors are generally classified into families with a variety of
CPU models or implementations within that family.  Within a processor
family, there is a high level of binary compatibility.  This family
may be based on either an architectural specification or on maintaining
compatibility with a popular processor.  Recent microprocessor families
such as the SPARC or PowerPC are based on an architectural specification
which is independent or any particular CPU model or implementation.
Older families such as the Motorola 68000 and the Intel x86 evolved as the
manufacturer strived to produce higher performance processor models which
maintained binary compatibility with older models.

RTEMS takes advantage of the similarity of the various models within a
CPU family.  Although the models do vary in significant ways, the high
level of compatibility makes it possible to share the bulk of the CPU
dependent executive code across the entire family.  Each processor family
supported by RTEMS has a list of features which vary between CPU models
within a family.  For example, the most common model dependent feature
regardless of CPU family is the presence or absence of a floating point
unit or coprocessor.  When defining the list of features present on a
particular CPU model, one simply notes that floating point hardware
is or is not present and defines a single constant appropriately.
Conditional compilation is utilized to include the appropriate source
code for this CPU model’s feature set.  It is important to note that
this means that RTEMS is thus compiled using the appropriate feature set
and compilation flags optimal for this CPU model used.  The alternative
would be to generate a binary which would execute on all family members
using only the features which were always present.

The set of CPU model feature macros are defined in the file``cpukit/score/cpu/CPU/rtems/score/cpu.h`` based upon the GNU tools
multilib variant that is appropriate for the particular CPU model defined
on the compilation command line.

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this section presents
the set of features which vary across various implementations of the
architecture that may be of importance to RTEMS application developers.

The subsections will vary amongst the target architecture chapters as
the specific features may vary.  However, each port will include a few
common features such as the CPU Model Name and presence of a hardware
Floating Point Unit.  The common features are described here.

CPU Model Name
--------------

The macro ``CPU_MODEL_NAME`` is a string which designates
the name of this CPU model.  For example, for the MC68020
processor model from the m68k architecture, this macro
is set to the string "mc68020".

Floating Point Unit
-------------------

In most architectures, the presence of a floating point unit is an option.
It does not matter whether the hardware floating point support is
incorporated on-chip or is an external coprocessor as long as it
appears an FPU per the ISA.  However, if a hardware FPU is not present,
it is possible that the floating point emulation library for this
CPU is not reentrant and thus context switched by RTEMS.

RTEMS provides two feature macros to indicate the FPU configuration:

- CPU_HARDWARE_FP
  is set to TRUE to indicate that a hardware FPU is present.

- CPU_SOFTWARE_FP
  is set to TRUE to indicate that a hardware FPU is not present and that
  the FP software emulation will be context switched.

Multilibs
=========

Newlib and GCC provide several target libraries like the :file:`libc.a`,:file:`libm.a` and :file:`libgcc.a`.  These libraries are artifacts of the GCC
build process.  Newlib is built together with GCC.  To provide optimal support
for various chip derivatives and instruction set revisions multiple variants of
these libraries are available for each architecture.  For example one set may
use software floating point support and another set may use hardware floating
point instructions.  These sets of libraries are called *multilibs*.  Each
library set corresponds to an application binary interface (ABI) and
instruction set.

A multilib variant can be usually detected via built-in compiler defines at
compile-time.  This mechanism is used by RTEMS to select for example the
context switch support for a particular BSP.  The built-in compiler defines
corresponding to multilibs are the only architecture specific defines allowed
in the ``cpukit`` area of the RTEMS sources.

Invoking the GCC with the ``-print-multi-lib`` option lists the available
multilibs.  Each line of the output describes one multilib variant.  The
default variant is denoted by ``.`` which is selected when no or
contradicting GCC machine options are selected.  The multilib selection for a
target is specified by target makefile fragments (see file :file:`t-rtems` in
the GCC sources and section`The Target Makefile Fragment <https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Target-Fragment.html#Target-Fragment>`_
in the `GCC Internals Manual <https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/>`_.

Calling Conventions
===================

Each high-level language compiler generates subroutine entry and exit
code based upon a set of rules known as the compiler’s calling convention.
These rules address the following issues:

- register preservation and usage

- parameter passing

- call and return mechanism

A compiler’s calling convention is of importance when
interfacing to subroutines written in another language either
assembly or high-level.  Even when the high-level language and
target processor are the same, different compilers may use
different calling conventions.  As a result, calling conventions
are both processor and compiler dependent.

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this subsection will
describe the instruction(s) used to perform a *normal* subroutine
invocation.  All RTEMS directives are invoked as *normal* C language
functions so it is important to the user application to understand the
call and return mechanism.

Register Usage
--------------

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this subsection will
detail the set of registers which are *NOT* preserved across subroutine
invocations.  The registers which are not preserved are assumed to be
available for use as scratch registers.  Therefore, the contents of these
registers should not be assumed upon return from any RTEMS directive.

In some architectures, there may be a set of registers made available
automatically as a side-effect of the subroutine invocation
mechanism.

Parameter Passing
-----------------

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this subsection will
describe the mechanism by which the parameters or arguments are passed
by the caller to a subroutine.  In some architectures, all parameters
are passed on the stack while in others some are passed in registers.

User-Provided Routines
----------------------

All user-provided routines invoked by RTEMS, such as
user extensions, device drivers, and MPCI routines, must also
adhere to these calling conventions.

Memory Model
============

A processor may support any combination of memory
models ranging from pure physical addressing to complex demand
paged virtual memory systems.  RTEMS supports a flat memory
model which ranges contiguously over the processor’s allowable
address space.  RTEMS does not support segmentation or virtual
memory of any kind.  The appropriate memory model for RTEMS
provided by the targeted processor and related characteristics
of that model are described in this chapter.

Flat Memory Model
-----------------

Most RTEMS target processors can be initialized to support a flat address
space.  Although the size of addresses varies between architectures, on
most RTEMS targets, an address is 32-bits wide which defines addresses
ranging from 0x00000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF (4 gigabytes).  Each address is
represented by a 32-bit value and is byte addressable.  The address may be
used to reference a single byte, word (2-bytes), or long word (4 bytes).
Memory accesses within this address space may be performed in little or
big endian fashion.

On smaller CPU architectures supported by RTEMS, the address space
may only be 20 or 24 bits wide.

If the CPU model has support for virtual memory or segmentation, it is
the responsibility of the Board Support Package (BSP) to initialize the
MMU hardware to perform address translations which correspond to flat
memory model.

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this subsection will
describe any architecture characteristics that differ from this general
description.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Different types of processors respond to the occurrence of an interrupt
in its own unique fashion. In addition, each processor type provides
a control mechanism to allow for the proper handling of an interrupt.
The processor dependent response to the interrupt modifies the current
execution state and results in a change in the execution stream.  Most
processors require that an interrupt handler utilize some special control
mechanisms to return to the normal processing stream.  Although RTEMS
hides many of the processor dependent details of interrupt processing,
it is important to understand how the RTEMS interrupt manager is mapped
onto the processor’s unique architecture.

RTEMS supports a dedicated interrupt stack for all architectures.
On architectures with hardware support for a dedicated interrupt stack,
it will be initialized such that when an interrupt occurs, the processor
automatically switches to this dedicated stack.  On architectures without
hardware support for a dedicated interrupt stack which is separate from
those of the tasks, RTEMS will support switching to a dedicated stack
for interrupt processing.

Without a dedicated interrupt stack, every task in
the system MUST have enough stack space to accommodate the worst
case stack usage of that particular task and the interrupt
service routines COMBINED.  By supporting a dedicated interrupt
stack, RTEMS significantly lowers the stack requirements for
each task.

A nested interrupt is processed similarly with the exception that since
the CPU is already executing on the interrupt stack, there is no need
to switch to the interrupt stack.

In some configurations, RTEMS allocates the interrupt stack from the
Workspace Area.  The amount of memory allocated for the interrupt stack
is user configured and based upon the ``confdefs.h`` parameter``CONFIGURE_INTERRUPT_STACK_SIZE``.  This parameter is described
in detail in the Configuring a System chapter of the User’s Guide.
On configurations in which RTEMS allocates the interrupt stack, during
the initialization process, RTEMS will also install its interrupt stack.
In other configurations, the interrupt stack is allocated and installed
by the Board Support Package (BSP).

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this section discesses
the interrupt response and control mechanisms of the architecture as
they pertain to RTEMS.

Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler
---------------------------------

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this subsection will
describe the architecture specific details of the interrupt vectoring
process.  In particular, it should include a description of the
Interrupt Stack Frame (ISF).

Interrupt Levels
----------------

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this subsection will
describe how the interrupt levels available on this particular architecture
are mapped onto the 255 reserved in the task mode.  The interrupt level
value of zero (0) should always mean that interrupts are enabled.

Any use of an  interrupt level that is is not undefined on a particular
architecture may result in behavior that is unpredictable.

Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS
--------------------------------

During the execution of directive calls, critical sections of code may
be executed.  When these sections are encountered, RTEMS disables all
external interrupts before the execution of this section and restores
them to the previous level upon completion of the section.  RTEMS has
been optimized to ensure that interrupts are disabled for the shortest
number of instructions possible.  Since the precise number of instructions
and their execution time varies based upon target CPU family, CPU model,
board memory speed, compiler version, and optimization level, it is
not practical to provide the precise number for all possible RTEMS
configurations.

Historically, the measurements were made by hand analyzing and counting
the execution time of instruction sequences during interrupt disable
critical sections.  For reference purposes, on a 16 Mhz Motorola
MC68020, the maximum interrupt disable period was typically approximately
ten (10) to thirteen (13) microseconds.  This architecture was memory bound
and had a slow bit scan instruction.  In contrast, during the same
period a 14 Mhz SPARC would have a worst case disable time of approximately
two (2) to three (3) microseconds because it had a single cycle bit scan
instruction and used fewer cycles for memory accesses.

If you are interested in knowing the worst case execution time for
a particular version of RTEMS, please contact OAR Corporation and
we will be happy to product the results as a consulting service.

Non-maskable interrupts (NMI) cannot be disabled, and
ISRs which execute at this level MUST NEVER issue RTEMS system
calls.  If a directive is invoked, unpredictable results may
occur due to the inability of RTEMS to protect its critical
sections.  However, ISRs that make no system calls may safely
execute as non-maskable interrupts.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

Upon detection of a fatal error by either the application or RTEMS during
initialization the ``rtems_fatal_error_occurred`` directive supplied
by the Fatal Error Manager is invoked.  The Fatal Error Manager will
invoke the user-supplied fatal error handlers.  If no user-supplied
handlers are configured or all of them return without taking action to
shutdown the processor or reset, a default fatal error handler is invoked.

Most of the action performed as part of processing the fatal error are
described in detail in the Fatal Error Manager chapter in the User’s
Guide.  However, the if no user provided extension or BSP specific fatal
error handler takes action, the final default action is to invoke a
CPU architecture specific function.  Typically this function disables
interrupts and halts the processor.

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this describes the precise
operations of the default CPU specific fatal error handler.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

This section contains information about the Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)
status of a particular architecture.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

In order to support thread-local storage (TLS) the CPU port must implement the
facilities mandated by the application binary interface (ABI) of the CPU
architecture.  The CPU port must initialize the TLS area in the``_CPU_Context_Initialize()`` function.  There are support functions available
via ``#include <rtems/score/tls.h>`` which implement Variants I and II
according to Ulrich Drepper, *ELF Handling For Thread-Local Storage*.

``_TLS_TCB_at_area_begin_initialize()``
    Uses Variant I, TLS offsets emitted by linker takes the TCB into account.  For
    a reference implementation see :file:`cpukit/score/cpu/arm/cpu.c`.

``_TLS_TCB_before_TLS_block_initialize()``
    Uses Variant I, TLS offsets emitted by linker neglects the TCB.  For a
    reference implementation see:file:`c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/new-exceptions/cpu.c`.

``_TLS_TCB_after_TLS_block_initialize()``
    Uses Variant II.  For a reference implementation see:file:`cpukit/score/cpu/sparc/cpu.c`.

The board support package (BSP) must provide the following sections and symbols
in its linker command file:
.. code:: c

    .tdata : {
    _TLS_Data_begin = .;
    \*(.tdata .tdata.* .gnu.linkonce.td.*)
    _TLS_Data_end = .;
    }
    .tbss : {
    _TLS_BSS_begin = .;
    \*(.tbss .tbss.* .gnu.linkonce.tb.*) \*(.tcommon)
    _TLS_BSS_end = .;
    }
    _TLS_Data_size = _TLS_Data_end - _TLS_Data_begin;
    _TLS_Data_begin = _TLS_Data_size != 0 ? _TLS_Data_begin : _TLS_BSS_begin;
    _TLS_Data_end = _TLS_Data_size != 0 ? _TLS_Data_end : _TLS_BSS_begin;
    _TLS_BSS_size = _TLS_BSS_end - _TLS_BSS_begin;
    _TLS_Size = _TLS_BSS_end - _TLS_Data_begin;
    _TLS_Alignment = MAX (ALIGNOF (.tdata), ALIGNOF (.tbss));

CPU counter
===========

The CPU support must implement the CPU counter interface.  A CPU counter is
some free-running counter.  It ticks usually with a frequency close to the CPU
or system bus clock.  On some architectures the actual implementation is board
support package dependent.  The CPU counter is used for profiling of low-level
functions.  It is also used to implement two busy wait functions``rtems_counter_delay_ticks()`` and ``rtems_counter_delay_nanoseconds()``
which may be used in device drivers.  It may be also used as an entropy source
for random number generators.

The CPU counter interface uses a CPU port specific unsigned integer type``CPU_Counter_ticks`` to represent CPU counter values.  The CPU port must
provide the following two functions

- ``_CPU_Counter_read()`` to read the current CPU counter value, and

- ``_CPU_Counter_difference()`` to get the difference between two CPU
  counter values.

Interrupt Profiling
===================

The RTEMS profiling needs support by the CPU port for the interrupt entry and
exit times.  In case profiling is enabled via the RTEMS build configuration
option ``--enable-profiling`` (in this case the pre-processor symbol``RTEMS_PROFILING`` is defined) the CPU port may provide data for the
interrupt entry and exit times of the outer-most interrupt.  The CPU port can
feed interrupt entry and exit times with the``_Profiling_Outer_most_interrupt_entry_and_exit()`` function
(``#include <rtems/score/profiling.h>``).  For an example please have a look
at ``cpukit/score/cpu/arm/arm_exc_interrupt.S``.

Board Support Packages
======================

An RTEMS Board Support Package (BSP) must be designed to support a
particular processor model and target board combination.

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this section will present
a discussion of architecture specific BSP issues.   For more information
on developing a BSP, refer to BSP and Device Driver Development Guide
and the chapter titled Board Support Packages in the RTEMS
Applications User’s Guide.

System Reset
------------

An RTEMS based application is initiated or re-initiated when the processor
is reset or transfer is passed to it from a boot monitor or ROM monitor.

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this subsection describes
the actions that the BSP must tak assuming the application gets control
when the microprocessor is reset.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

ARM Specific Information
########################

This chapter discusses the`ARM architecture <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture>`_
dependencies in this port of RTEMS.  The ARMv4T (and compatible), ARMv7-A,
ARMv7-R and ARMv7-M architecture versions are supported by RTEMS.  Processors
with a MMU use a static configuration which is set up during system start.  SMP
is supported.

**Architecture Documents**

For information on the ARM architecture refer to the`ARM Infocenter <http://infocenter.arm.com>`_.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

This section presents the set of features which vary
across ARM implementations and are of importance to RTEMS.  The set of CPU
model feature macros are defined in the file:file:`cpukit/score/cpu/arm/rtems/score/arm.h` based upon the particular CPU
model flags specified on the compilation command line.

CPU Model Name
--------------

The macro ``CPU_MODEL_NAME`` is a string which designates
the architectural level of this CPU model.  See in:file:`cpukit/score/cpu/arm/rtems/score/arm.h` for the values.

Count Leading Zeroes Instruction
--------------------------------

The ARMv5 and later has the count leading zeroes ``clz`` instruction which
could be used to speed up the find first bit operation.  The use of this
instruction should significantly speed up the scheduling associated with a
thread blocking.  This is currently not used.

Floating Point Unit
-------------------

The following floating point units are supported.

- VFPv3-D32/NEON (for example available on Cortex-A processors)

- VFPv3-D16 (for example available on Cortex-R processors)

- FPv4-SP-D16 (for example available on Cortex-M processors)

Multilibs
=========

The following multilibs are available:

# ``.``: ARMv4T, ARM instruction set

# ``thumb``: ARMv4T, Thumb-1 instruction set

# ``thumb/armv6-m``: ARMv6M, subset of Thumb-2 instruction set

# ``thumb/armv7-a``: ARMv7-A, Thumb-2 instruction set

# ``thumb/armv7-a/neon/hard``: ARMv7-A, Thumb-2 instruction set with
  hard-float ABI Neon and VFP-D32 support

# ``thumb/armv7-r``: ARMv7-R, Thumb-2 instruction set

# ``thumb/armv7-r/vfpv3-d16/hard``: ARMv7-R, Thumb-2 instruction set
  with hard-float ABI VFP-D16 support

# ``thumb/armv7-m``: ARMv7-M, Thumb-2 instruction set with hardware
  integer division (SDIV/UDIV)

# ``thumb/armv7-m/fpv4-sp-d16``: ARMv7-M, Thumb-2 instruction set with
  hardware integer division (SDIV/UDIV) and hard-float ABI FPv4-SP support

# ``eb/thumb/armv7-r``: ARMv7-R, Big-endian Thumb-2 instruction set

# ``eb/thumb/armv7-r/vfpv3-d16/hard``: ARMv7-R, Big-endian Thumb-2
  instruction set with hard-float ABI VFP-D16 support

Multilib 1. and 2. support the standard ARM7TDMI and ARM926EJ-S targets.

Multilib 3. supports the Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M1 cores.

Multilib 8. supports the Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 cores, which have a special
hardware integer division instruction (this is not present in the A and R
profiles).

Multilib 9. supports the Cortex-M4 cores with a floating point unit.

Multilib 4. and 5. support the Cortex-A processors.

Multilib 6., 7., 10. and 11. support the Cortex-R processors.  Here also
big-endian variants are available.

Use for example the following GCC options
.. code:: c

    -mthumb -march=armv7-a -mfpu=neon -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=cortex-a9

to build an application or BSP for the ARMv7-A architecture and tune the code
for a Cortex-A9 processor.  It is important to select the options used for the
multilibs. For example
.. code:: c

    -mthumb -mcpu=cortex-a9

alone will not select the ARMv7-A multilib.

Calling Conventions
===================

Please refer to the`Procedure Call Standard for the ARM Architecture <http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ihi0042c/IHI0042C_aapcs.pdf>`_.

Memory Model
============

A flat 32-bit memory model is supported.  The board support package must take
care about the MMU if necessary.

Interrupt Processing
====================

The ARMv4T (and compatible) architecture has seven exception types:

- Reset

- Undefined

- Software Interrupt (SWI)

- Prefetch Abort

- Data Abort

- Interrupt (IRQ)

- Fast Interrupt (FIQ)

Of these types only the IRQ has explicit operating system support.  It is
intentional that the FIQ is not supported by the operating system.  Without
operating system support for the FIQ it is not necessary to disable them during
critical sections of the system.

The ARMv7-M architecture has a completely different exception model.  Here
interrupts are disabled with a write of 0x80 to the ``basepri_max``
register.  This means that all exceptions and interrupts with a priority value
of greater than or equal to 0x80 are disabled.  Thus exceptions and interrupts
with a priority value of less than 0x80 are non-maskable with respect to the
operating system and therefore must not use operating system services.  Several
support libraries of chip vendors implicitly shift the priority value somehow
before the value is written to the NVIC IPR register.  This can easily lead to
confusion.

Interrupt Levels
----------------

There are exactly two interrupt levels on ARM with respect to RTEMS.  Level
zero corresponds to interrupts enabled.  Level one corresponds to interrupts
disabled.

Interrupt Stack
---------------

The board support package must initialize the interrupt stack. The memory for
the stacks is usually reserved in the linker script.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for this architecture performs the
following actions:

- disables operating system supported interrupts (IRQ),

- places the error code in ``r0``, and

- executes an infinite loop to simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is supported on ARMv7-A.  Available platforms are the Altera Cyclone V and
the Xilinx Zynq.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is supported.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2009.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Atmel AVR Specific Information
##############################

This chapter discusses the AVR architecture dependencies in this
port of RTEMS.

**Architecture Documents**

For information on the AVR architecture, refer to the following
documents available from Atmel.

TBD

- See other CPUs for documentation reference formatting examples.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

CPUs of the AVR 53X only differ in the peripherals and thus in the
device drivers. This port does not yet support the 56X dual core variants.

Count Leading Zeroes Instruction
--------------------------------

The AVR CPU has the XXX instruction which could be used to speed
up the find first bit operation.  The use of this instruction should
significantly speed up the scheduling associated with a thread blocking.

Calling Conventions
===================

Processor Background
--------------------

The AVR architecture supports a simple call and return mechanism.
A subroutine is invoked via the call (``call``) instruction.
This instruction saves the return address in the ``RETS`` register
and transfers the execution to the given address.

It is the called funcions responsability to use the link instruction
to reserve space on the stack for the local variables.  Returning from
a subroutine is done by using the RTS (``RTS``) instruction which
loads the PC with the adress stored in RETS.

It is is important to note that the ``call`` instruction does not
automatically save or restore any registers.  It is the responsibility
of the high-level language compiler to define the register preservation
and usage convention.

Register Usage
--------------

A called function may clobber all registers, except RETS, R4-R7, P3-P5,
FP and SP.  It may also modify the first 12 bytes in the caller’s stack
frame which is used as an argument area for the first three arguments
(which are passed in R0...R3 but may be placed on the stack by the
called function).

Parameter Passing
-----------------

RTEMS assumes that the AVR GCC calling convention is followed.
The first three parameters are stored in registers R0, R1, and R2.
All other parameters are put pushed on the stack.  The result is returned
through register R0.

Memory Model
============

The AVR family architecutre support a single unified 4 GB byte
address space using 32-bit addresses. It maps all resources like internal
and external memory and IO registers into separate sections of this
common address space.

The AVR architcture supports some form of memory
protection via its Memory Management Unit. Since the
AVR port runs in supervisior mode this memory
protection mechanisms are not used.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Discussed in this chapter are the AVR’s interrupt response and
control mechanisms as they pertain to RTEMS.

Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler
---------------------------------

TBD

Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS
--------------------------------

During interrupt disable critical sections, RTEMS disables interrupts to
level N (N) before the execution of this section and restores them
to the previous level upon completion of the section. RTEMS uses the
instructions CLI and STI to enable and disable Interrupts. Emulation,
Reset, NMI and Exception Interrupts are never disabled.

Interrupt Stack
---------------

The AVR Architecture works with two different kind of stacks,
User and Supervisor Stack. Since RTEMS and its Application run
in supervisor mode, all interrupts will use the interrupted
tasks stack for execution.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for the AVR performs the following
actions:

- disables processor interrupts,

- places the error code in *r0*, and

- executes an infinite loop (``while(0);`` to
  simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not supported due to a broken tool chain.

Board Support Packages
======================

System Reset
------------

TBD

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2006.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Blackfin Specific Information
#############################

This chapter discusses the Blackfin architecture dependencies in this
port of RTEMS.

**Architecture Documents**

For information on the Blackfin architecture, refer to the following
documents available from Analog Devices.

TBD

- *"ADSP-BF533 Blackfin Processor Hardware Reference."*:file:`http://www.analog.com/UploadedFiles/Associated_Docs/892485982bf533_hwr.pdf`

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

CPUs of the Blackfin 53X only differ in the peripherals and thus in the
device drivers. This port does not yet support the 56X dual core variants.

Count Leading Zeroes Instruction
--------------------------------

The Blackfin CPU has the BITTST instruction which could be used to speed
up the find first bit operation.  The use of this instruction should
significantly speed up the scheduling associated with a thread blocking.

Calling Conventions
===================

This section is heavily based on content taken from the Blackfin uCLinux
documentation wiki which is edited by Analog Devices and Arcturus
Networks.  :file:`http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/`

Processor Background
--------------------

The Blackfin architecture supports a simple call and return mechanism.
A subroutine is invoked via the call (``call``) instruction.
This instruction saves the return address in the ``RETS`` register
and transfers the execution to the given address.

It is the called funcions responsability to use the link instruction
to reserve space on the stack for the local variables.  Returning from
a subroutine is done by using the RTS (``RTS``) instruction which
loads the PC with the adress stored in RETS.

It is is important to note that the ``call`` instruction does not
automatically save or restore any registers.  It is the responsibility
of the high-level language compiler to define the register preservation
and usage convention.

Register Usage
--------------

A called function may clobber all registers, except RETS, R4-R7, P3-P5,
FP and SP.  It may also modify the first 12 bytes in the caller’s stack
frame which is used as an argument area for the first three arguments
(which are passed in R0...R3 but may be placed on the stack by the
called function).

Parameter Passing
-----------------

RTEMS assumes that the Blackfin GCC calling convention is followed.
The first three parameters are stored in registers R0, R1, and R2.
All other parameters are put pushed on the stack.  The result is returned
through register R0.

Memory Model
============

The Blackfin family architecutre support a single unified 4 GB byte
address space using 32-bit addresses. It maps all resources like internal
and external memory and IO registers into separate sections of this
common address space.

The Blackfin architcture supports some form of memory
protection via its Memory Management Unit. Since the
Blackfin port runs in supervisior mode this memory
protection mechanisms are not used.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Discussed in this chapter are the Blackfin’s interrupt response and
control mechanisms as they pertain to RTEMS. The Blackfin architecture
support 16 kinds of interrupts broken down into Core and general-purpose
interrupts.

Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler
---------------------------------

RTEMS maps levels 0 -15 directly to Blackfins event vectors EVT0 -
EVT15. Since EVT0 - EVT6 are core events and it is suggested to use
EVT15 and EVT15 for Software interrupts, 7 Interrupts (EVT7-EVT13)
are left for periferical use.

When installing an RTEMS interrupt handler RTEMS installs a generic
Interrupt Handler which saves some context and enables nested interrupt
servicing and then vectors to the users interrupt handler.

Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS
--------------------------------

During interrupt disable critical sections, RTEMS disables interrupts to
level four (4) before the execution of this section and restores them
to the previous level upon completion of the section. RTEMS uses the
instructions CLI and STI to enable and disable Interrupts. Emulation,
Reset, NMI and Exception Interrupts are never disabled.

Interrupt Stack
---------------

The Blackfin Architecture works with two different kind of stacks,
User and Supervisor Stack. Since RTEMS and its Application run
in supervisor mode, all interrupts will use the interrupted
tasks stack for execution.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for the Blackfin performs the following
actions:

- disables processor interrupts,

- places the error code in *r0*, and

- executes an infinite loop (``while(0);`` to
  simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not implemented.

Board Support Packages
======================

System Reset
------------

TBD

.. COMMENT: Copyright (c) 2015 University of York.

.. COMMENT: Hesham ALMatary <hmka501@york.ac.uk>

Epiphany Specific Information
#############################

This chapter discusses the`Epiphany Architecture <http://adapteva.com/docs/epiphany_sdk_ref.pdf>`_
dependencies in this port of RTEMS. Epiphany is a chip that can come with 16 and
64 cores, each of which can run RTEMS separately or they can work together to
run a SMP RTEMS application.

**Architecture Documents**

For information on the Epiphany architecture refer to the`Epiphany Architecture Reference <http://adapteva.com/docs/epiphany_arch_ref.pdf>`_.

Calling Conventions
===================

Please refer to the`Epiphany SDK <http://adapteva.com/docs/epiphany_sdk_ref.pdf>`_
Appendix A: Application Binary Interface

Floating Point Unit
-------------------

A floating point unit is currently not supported.

Memory Model
============

A flat 32-bit memory model is supported, no caches. Each core has its own 32 KiB
strictly ordered local memory along with an access to a shared 32 MiB external
DRAM.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Every Epiphany core has 10 exception types:

- Reset

- Software Exception

- Data Page Fault

- Timer 0

- Timer 1

- Message Interrupt

- DMA0 Interrupt

- DMA1 Interrupt

- WANT Interrupt

- User Interrupt

Interrupt Levels
----------------

There are only two levels: interrupts enabled and interrupts disabled.

Interrupt Stack
---------------

The Epiphany RTEMS port uses a dedicated software interrupt stack.
The stack for interrupts is allocated during interrupt driver initialization.
When an  interrupt is entered, the _ISR_Handler routine is responsible for
switching from the interrupted task stack to RTEMS software interrupt stack.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for this architecture performs the
following actions:

- disables operating system supported interrupts (IRQ),

- places the error code in ``r0``, and

- executes an infinite loop to simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Intel/AMD x86 Specific Information
##################################

This chapter discusses the Intel x86 architecture dependencies
in this port of RTEMS.  This family has multiple implementations
from multiple vendors and suffers more from having evolved rather
than being designed for growth.

For information on the i386 processor, refer to the
following documents:

- *386 Programmer’s Reference Manual, Intel, Order No.  230985-002*.

- *386 Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual, Intel,
  Order No. 231732-003*.

- *80386 System Software Writer’s Guide, Intel, Order No.  231499-001*.

- *80387 Programmer’s Reference Manual, Intel, Order No.  231917-001*.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

This section presents the set of features which vary
across i386 implementations and are of importance to RTEMS.
The set of CPU model feature macros are defined in the file``cpukit/score/cpu/i386/i386.h`` based upon the particular CPU
model specified on the compilation command line.

bswap Instruction
-----------------

The macro ``I386_HAS_BSWAP`` is set to 1 to indicate that
this CPU model has the ``bswap`` instruction which
endian swaps a thirty-two bit quantity.  This instruction
appears to be present in all CPU models
i486’s and above.

Calling Conventions
===================

Processor Background
--------------------

The i386 architecture supports a simple yet effective
call and return mechanism.  A subroutine is invoked via the call
(``call``) instruction.  This instruction pushes the return address
on the stack.  The return from subroutine (``ret``) instruction pops
the return address off the current stack and transfers control
to that instruction.  It is is important to note that the i386
call and return mechanism does not automatically save or restore
any registers.  It is the responsibility of the high-level
language compiler to define the register preservation and usage
convention.

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

All RTEMS directives are invoked using a call instruction and return to
the user application via the ret instruction.

Register Usage
--------------

As discussed above, the call instruction does not automatically save
any registers.  RTEMS uses the registers EAX, ECX, and EDX as scratch
registers.  These registers are not preserved by RTEMS directives
therefore, the contents of these registers should not be assumed upon
return from any RTEMS directive.

Parameter Passing
-----------------

RTEMS assumes that arguments are placed on the
current stack before the directive is invoked via the call
instruction.  The first argument is assumed to be closest to the
return address on the stack.  This means that the first argument
of the C calling sequence is pushed last.  The following
pseudo-code illustrates the typical sequence used to call a
RTEMS directive with three (3) arguments:
.. code:: c

    push third argument
    push second argument
    push first argument
    invoke directive
    remove arguments from the stack

The arguments to RTEMS are typically pushed onto the
stack using a push instruction.  These arguments must be removed
from the stack after control is returned to the caller.  This
removal is typically accomplished by adding the size of the
argument list in bytes to the stack pointer.

Memory Model
============

Flat Memory Model
-----------------

RTEMS supports the i386 protected mode, flat memory
model with paging disabled.  In this mode, the i386
automatically converts every address from a logical to a
physical address each time it is used.  The i386 uses
information provided in the segment registers and the Global
Descriptor Table to convert these addresses.  RTEMS assumes the
existence of the following segments:

- a single code segment at protection level (0) which
  contains all application and executive code.

- a single data segment at protection level zero (0) which
  contains all application and executive data.

The i386 segment registers and associated selectors
must be initialized when the initialize_executive directive is
invoked.  RTEMS treats the segment registers as system registers
and does not modify or context switch them.

This i386 memory model supports a flat 32-bit address
space with addresses ranging from 0x00000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF (4
gigabytes).  Each address is represented by a 32-bit value and
is byte addressable.  The address may be used to reference a
single byte, half-word (2-bytes), or word (4 bytes).

Interrupt Processing
====================

Although RTEMS hides many of the processor
dependent details of interrupt processing, it is important to
understand how the RTEMS interrupt manager is mapped onto the
processor’s unique architecture. Discussed in this chapter are
the the processor’s response and control mechanisms as they
pertain to RTEMS.

Vectoring of Interrupt Handler
------------------------------

Although the i386 supports multiple privilege levels,
RTEMS and all user software executes at privilege level 0.  This
decision was made by the RTEMS designers to enhance
compatibility with processors which do not provide sophisticated
protection facilities like those of the i386.  This decision
greatly simplifies the discussion of i386 processing, as one
need only consider interrupts without privilege transitions.

Upon receipt of an interrupt  the i386 automatically
performs the following actions:

- pushes the EFLAGS register

- pushes the far address of the interrupted instruction

- vectors to the interrupt service routine (ISR).

A nested interrupt is processed similarly by the
i386.

Interrupt Stack Frame
---------------------

The structure of the Interrupt Stack Frame for the
i386 which is placed on the interrupt stack by the processor in
response to an interrupt is as follows:

+----------------------+-------+
| Old EFLAGS Register  | ESP+8 |
+----------+-----------+-------+
|   UNUSED |  Old CS   | ESP+4 |
+----------+-----------+-------+
|       Old EIP        | ESP   |
+----------------------+-------+


Interrupt Levels
----------------

Although RTEMS supports 256 interrupt levels, the
i386 only supports two – enabled and disabled.  Interrupts are
enabled when the interrupt-enable flag (IF) in the extended
flags (EFLAGS) is set.  Conversely, interrupt processing is
inhibited when the IF is cleared.  During a non-maskable
interrupt, all other interrupts, including other non-maskable
ones, are inhibited.

RTEMS interrupt levels 0 and 1 such that level zero
(0) indicates that interrupts are fully enabled and level one
that interrupts are disabled.  All other RTEMS interrupt levels
are undefined and their behavior is unpredictable.

Interrupt Stack
---------------

The i386 family does not support a dedicated hardware
interrupt stack.  On this processor, RTEMS allocates and manages
a dedicated interrupt stack.  As part of vectoring a non-nested
interrupt service routine, RTEMS switches from the stack of the
interrupted task to a dedicated interrupt stack.  When a
non-nested interrupt returns, RTEMS switches back to the stack
of the interrupted stack.  The current stack pointer is not
altered by RTEMS on nested interrupt.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for this architecture disables processor
interrupts, places the error code in EAX, and executes a HLT instruction
to halt the processor.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not implemented.

Board Support Packages
======================

System Reset
------------

An RTEMS based application is initiated when the i386 processor is reset.
When the i386 is reset,

- The EAX register is set to indicate the results of the processor’s
  power-up self test.  If the self-test was not executed, the contents of
  this register are undefined.  Otherwise, a non-zero value indicates the
  processor is faulty and a zero value indicates a successful self-test.

- The DX register holds a component identifier and revision level.  DH
  contains 3 to indicate an i386 component and DL contains a unique revision
  level indicator.

- Control register zero (CR0) is set such that the processor is in real
  mode with paging disabled.  Other portions of CR0 are used to indicate the
  presence of a numeric coprocessor.

- All bits in the extended flags register (EFLAG) which are not
  permanently set are cleared.  This inhibits all maskable interrupts.

- The Interrupt Descriptor Register (IDTR) is set to point at address
  zero.

- All segment registers are set to zero.

- The instruction pointer is set to 0x0000FFF0.  The first instruction
  executed after a reset is actually at 0xFFFFFFF0 because the i386 asserts
  the upper twelve address until the first intersegment (FAR) JMP or CALL
  instruction.  When a JMP or CALL is executed, the upper twelve address
  lines are lowered and the processor begins executing in the first megabyte
  of memory.

Typically, an intersegment JMP to the application’s initialization code is
placed at address 0xFFFFFFF0.

Processor Initialization
------------------------

This initialization code is responsible for initializing all data
structures required by the i386 in protected mode and for actually entering
protected mode.  The i386 must be placed in protected mode and the segment
registers and associated selectors must be initialized before the
initialize_executive directive is invoked.

The initialization code is responsible for initializing the Global
Descriptor Table such that the i386 is in the thirty-two bit flat memory
model with paging disabled.  In this mode, the i386 automatically converts
every address from a logical to a physical address each time it is used.
For more information on the memory model used by RTEMS, please refer to the
Memory Model chapter in this document.

Since the processor is in real mode upon reset, the processor must be
switched to protected mode before RTEMS can execute.  Before switching to
protected mode, at least one descriptor table and two descriptors must be
created.  Descriptors are needed for a code segment and a data segment. (
This will give you the flat memory model.)  The stack can be placed in a
normal read/write data segment, so no descriptor for the stack is needed.
Before the GDT can be used, the base address and limit must be loaded into
the GDTR register using an LGDT instruction.

If the hardware allows an NMI to be generated, you need to create the IDT
and a gate for the NMI interrupt handler.  Before the IDT can be used, the
base address and limit for the idt must be loaded into the IDTR register
using an LIDT instruction.

Protected mode is entered by setting thye PE bit in the CR0 register.
Either a LMSW or MOV CR0 instruction may be used to set this bit. Because
the processor overlaps the interpretation of several instructions, it is
necessary to discard the instructions from the read-ahead cache. A JMP
instruction immediately after the LMSW changes the flow and empties the
processor if intructions which have been pre-fetched and/or decoded.  At
this point, the processor is in protected mode and begins to perform
protected mode application initialization.

If the application requires that the IDTR be some value besides zero, then
it should set it to the required value at this point.  All tasks share the
same i386 IDTR value.  Because interrupts are enabled automatically by
RTEMS as part of the initialize_executive directive, the IDTR MUST be set
properly before this directive is invoked to insure correct interrupt
vectoring.  If processor caching is to be utilized, then it should be
enabled during the reset application initialization code.  The reset code
which is executed before the call to initialize_executive has the following
requirements:

For more information regarding the i386 data structures and their
contents, refer to Intel’s 386 Programmer’s Reference Manual.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

.. COMMENT: Jukka Pietarinen <jukka.pietarinen@mrf.fi>, 2008,

.. COMMENT: Micro-Research Finland Oy

Lattice Mico32 Specific Information
###################################

This chaper discusses the Lattice Mico32 architecture dependencies in
this port of RTEMS. The Lattice Mico32 is a 32-bit Harvard, RISC
architecture "soft" microprocessor, available for free with an open IP
core licensing agreement. Although mainly targeted for Lattice FPGA
devices the microprocessor can be implemented on other vendors’ FPGAs,
too.

**Architecture Documents**

For information on the Lattice Mico32 architecture, refer to the
following documents available from Lattice Semiconductor:file:`http://www.latticesemi.com/`.

- *"LatticeMico32 Processor Reference Manual"*:file:`http://www.latticesemi.com/dynamic/view_document.cfm?document_id=20890`

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

The Lattice Mico32 architecture allows for different configurations of
the processor. This port is based on the assumption that the following options are implemented:

- hardware multiplier

- hardware divider

- hardware barrel shifter

- sign extension instructions

- instruction cache

- data cache

- debug

Register Architecture
=====================

This section gives a brief introduction to the register architecture
of the Lattice Mico32 processor.

The Lattice Mico32 is a RISC archictecture processor with a
32-register file of 32-bit registers.

Register Name

Function

r0

holds value zero

r1-r25

general purpose

r26/gp

general pupose / global pointer

r27/fp

general pupose / frame pointer

r28/sp

stack pointer

r29/ra

return address

r30/ea

exception address

r31/ba

breakpoint address

Note that on processor startup all register values are undefined
including r0, thus r0 has to be initialized to zero.

Calling Conventions
===================

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

A call instruction places the return address to register r29 and a
return from subroutine (ret) is actually a branch to r29/ra.

Register Usage
--------------

A subroutine may freely use registers r1 to r10 which are *not*
preserved across subroutine invocations.

Parameter Passing
-----------------

When calling a C function the first eight arguments are stored in
registers r1 to r8. Registers r1 and r2 hold the return value.

Memory Model
============

The Lattice Mico32 processor supports a flat memory model with a 4
Gbyte address space with 32-bit addresses.

The following data types are supported:

Type

Bits

C Compiler Type

unsigned byte

8

unsigned char

signed byte

8

char

unsigned half-word

16

unsigned short

signed half-word

16

short

unsigned word

32

unsigned int / unsigned long

signed word

32

int / long

Data accesses need to be aligned, with unaligned accesses result are
undefined.

Interrupt Processing
====================

The Lattice Mico32 has 32 interrupt lines which are however served by
only one exception vector. When an interrupt occurs following happens:

- address of next instruction placed in r30/ea

- IE field of IE CSR saved to EIE field and IE field cleared preventing further exceptions from occuring.

- branch to interrupt exception address EBA CSR + 0xC0

The interrupt exception handler determines from the state of the
interrupt pending registers (IP CSR) and interrupt enable register (IE
CSR) which interrupt to serve and jumps to the interrupt routine
pointed to by the corresponding interrupt vector.

For now there is no dedicated interrupt stack so every task in
the system MUST have enough stack space to accommodate the worst
case stack usage of that particular task and the interrupt
service routines COMBINED.

Nested interrupts are not supported.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

Upon detection of a fatal error by either the application or RTEMS during
initialization the ``rtems_fatal_error_occurred`` directive supplied
by the Fatal Error Manager is invoked.  The Fatal Error Manager will
invoke the user-supplied fatal error handlers.  If no user-supplied
handlers are configured or all of them return without taking action to
shutdown the processor or reset, a default fatal error handler is invoked.

Most of the action performed as part of processing the fatal error are
described in detail in the Fatal Error Manager chapter in the User’s
Guide.  However, the if no user provided extension or BSP specific fatal
error handler takes action, the final default action is to invoke a
CPU architecture specific function.  Typically this function disables
interrupts and halts the processor.

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this describes the precise
operations of the default CPU specific fatal error handler.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not implemented.

Board Support Packages
======================

An RTEMS Board Support Package (BSP) must be designed to support a
particular processor model and target board combination.

In each of the architecture specific chapters, this section will present
a discussion of architecture specific BSP issues.   For more information
on developing a BSP, refer to BSP and Device Driver Development Guide
and the chapter titled Board Support Packages in the RTEMS
Applications User’s Guide.

System Reset
------------

An RTEMS based application is initiated or re-initiated when the processor
is reset.

.. COMMENT: Copyright (c) 2014 embedded brains GmbH.  All rights reserved.

Renesas M32C Specific Information
#################################

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not implemented.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

M68xxx and Coldfire Specific Information
########################################

This chapter discusses the Freescale (formerly Motorola) MC68xxx
and Coldfire architectural dependencies.  The MC68xxx family has a
wide variety of CPU models within it based upon different CPU core
implementations.  Ignoring the Coldfire parts, the part numbers for
these models are generally divided into MC680xx and MC683xx.  The MC680xx
models are more general purpose processors with no integrated peripherals.
The MC683xx models, on the other hand, are more specialized and have a
variety of peripherals on chip including sophisticated timers and serial
communications controllers.

**Architecture Documents**

For information on the MC68xxx and Coldfire architecture, refer to the following documents available from Freescale website (:file:`http//www.freescale.com/`):

- *M68000 Family Reference, Motorola, FR68K/D*.

- *MC68020 User’s Manual, Motorola, MC68020UM/AD*.

- *MC68881/MC68882 Floating-Point Coprocessor User’s Manual,
  Motorola, MC68881UM/AD*.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

This section presents the set of features which vary
across m68k/Coldfire implementations that are of importance to RTEMS.
The set of CPU model feature macros are defined in the file``cpukit/score/cpu/m68k/m68k.h`` based upon the particular CPU
model selected on the compilation command line.

BFFFO Instruction
-----------------

The macro ``M68K_HAS_BFFFO`` is set to 1 to indicate that
this CPU model has the bfffo instruction.

Vector Base Register
--------------------

The macro ``M68K_HAS_VBR`` is set to 1 to indicate that
this CPU model has a vector base register (vbr).

Separate Stacks
---------------

The macro ``M68K_HAS_SEPARATE_STACKS`` is set to 1 to
indicate that this CPU model has separate interrupt, user, and
supervisor mode stacks.

Pre-Indexing Address Mode
-------------------------

The macro ``M68K_HAS_PREINDEXING`` is set to 1 to indicate that
this CPU model has the pre-indexing address mode.

Extend Byte to Long Instruction
-------------------------------

The macro ``M68K_HAS_EXTB_L`` is set to 1 to indicate that this CPU model
has the extb.l instruction.  This instruction is supposed to be available
in all models based on the cpu32 core as well as mc68020 and up models.

Calling Conventions
===================

The MC68xxx architecture supports a simple yet effective call and
return mechanism.  A subroutine is invoked via the branch to subroutine
(``bsr``) or the jump to subroutine (``jsr``) instructions.
These instructions push the return address on the current stack.
The return from subroutine (``rts``) instruction pops the return
address off the current stack and transfers control to that instruction.
It is is important to note that the MC68xxx call and return mechanism does
not automatically save or restore any registers.  It is the responsibility
of the high-level language compiler to define the register preservation
and usage convention.

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

All RTEMS directives are invoked using either a ``bsr`` or ``jsr``
instruction and return to the user application via the rts instruction.

Register Usage
--------------

As discussed above, the ``bsr`` and ``jsr`` instructions do not
automatically save any registers.  RTEMS uses the registers D0, D1,
A0, and A1 as scratch registers.  These registers are not preserved by
RTEMS directives therefore, the contents of these registers should not
be assumed upon return from any RTEMS directive.

Parameter Passing
-----------------

RTEMS assumes that arguments are placed on the current stack before
the directive is invoked via the bsr or jsr instruction.  The first
argument is assumed to be closest to the return address on the stack.
This means that the first argument of the C calling sequence is pushed
last.  The following pseudo-code illustrates the typical sequence used
to call a RTEMS directive with three (3) arguments:
.. code:: c

    push third argument
    push second argument
    push first argument
    invoke directive
    remove arguments from the stack

The arguments to RTEMS are typically pushed onto the stack using a move
instruction with a pre-decremented stack pointer as the destination.
These arguments must be removed from the stack after control is returned
to the caller.  This removal is typically accomplished by adding the
size of the argument list in bytes to the current stack pointer.

Memory Model
============

The MC68xxx family supports a flat 32-bit address
space with addresses ranging from 0x00000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF (4
gigabytes).  Each address is represented by a 32-bit value and
is byte addressable.  The address may be used to reference a
single byte, word (2-bytes), or long word (4 bytes).  Memory
accesses within this address space are performed in big endian
fashion by the processors in this family.

Some of the MC68xxx family members such as the
MC68020, MC68030, and MC68040 support virtual memory and
segmentation.  The MC68020 requires external hardware support
such as the MC68851 Paged Memory Management Unit coprocessor
which is typically used to perform address translations for
these systems.  RTEMS does not support virtual memory or
segmentation on any of the MC68xxx family members.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Discussed in this section are the MC68xxx’s interrupt response and
control mechanisms as they pertain to RTEMS.

Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler
---------------------------------

Depending on whether or not the particular CPU supports a separate
interrupt stack, the MC68xxx family has two different interrupt handling
models.

Models Without Separate Interrupt Stacks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Upon receipt of an interrupt the MC68xxx family members without separate
interrupt stacks automatically perform the following actions:

- To Be Written

Models With Separate Interrupt Stacks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Upon receipt of an interrupt the MC68xxx family members with separate
interrupt stacks automatically perform the following actions:

- saves the current status register (SR),

- clears the master/interrupt (M) bit of the SR to
  indicate the switch from master state to interrupt state,

- sets the privilege mode to supervisor,

- suppresses tracing,

- sets the interrupt mask level equal to the level of the
  interrupt being serviced,

- pushes an interrupt stack frame (ISF), which includes
  the program counter (PC), the status register (SR), and the
  format/exception vector offset (FVO) word, onto the supervisor
  and interrupt stacks,

- switches the current stack to the interrupt stack and
  vectors to an interrupt service routine (ISR).  If the ISR was
  installed with the interrupt_catch directive, then the RTEMS
  interrupt handler will begin execution.  The RTEMS interrupt
  handler saves all registers which are not preserved according to
  the calling conventions and invokes the application’s ISR.

A nested interrupt is processed similarly by these
CPU models with the exception that only a single ISF is placed
on the interrupt stack and the current stack need not be
switched.

The FVO word in the Interrupt Stack Frame is examined
by RTEMS to determine when an outer most interrupt is being
exited. Since the FVO is used by RTEMS for this purpose, the
user application code MUST NOT modify this field.

The following shows the Interrupt Stack Frame for
MC68xxx CPU models with separate interrupt stacks:

+----------------------+-----+
|    Status Register   | 0x0 |
+----------------------+-----+
| Program Counter High | 0x2 |
+----------------------+-----+
| Program Counter Low  | 0x4 |
+----------------------+-----+
| Format/Vector Offset | 0x6 |
+----------------------+-----+


CPU Models Without VBR and RAM at 0
-----------------------------------

This is from a post by Zoltan Kocsi <zoltan@bendor.com.au> and is
a nice trick in certain situations.  In his words:

I think somebody on this list asked about the interupt vector handling
w/o VBR and RAM at 0.  The usual trick is to initialise the vector table
(except the first 2 two entries, of course) to point to the same location
BUT you also add the vector number times 0x1000000 to them. That is,
bits 31-24 contain the vector number and 23-0 the address of the common
handler.  Since the PC is 32 bit wide but the actual address bus is only
24, the top byte will be in the PC but will be ignored when jumping onto
your routine.

Then your common interrupt routine gets this info by loading the PC
into some register and based on that info, you can jump to a vector in
a vector table pointed by a virtual VBR:
.. code:: c

    //
    //  Real vector table at 0
    //
    .long   initial_sp
    .long   initial_pc
    .long   myhandler+0x02000000
    .long   myhandler+0x03000000
    .long   myhandler+0x04000000
    ...
    .long   myhandler+0xff000000
    //
    // This handler will jump to the interrupt routine   of which
    // the address is stored at VBR[ vector_no ]
    // The registers and stackframe will be intact, the interrupt
    // routine will see exactly what it would see if it was called
    // directly from the HW vector table at 0.
    //
    .comm    VBR,4,2        // This defines the 'virtual' VBR
    // From C: extern void \*VBR;
    myhandler:                  // At entry, PC contains the full vector
    move.l  %d0,-(%sp)      // Save d0
    move.l  %a0,-(%sp)      // Save a0
    lea     0(%pc),%a0      // Get the value of the PC
    move.l  %a0,%d0         // Copy it to a data reg, d0 is VV??????
    swap    %d0             // Now d0 is ????VV??
    and.w   #0xff00,%d0     // Now d0 is ????VV00 (1)
    lsr.w   #6,%d0          // Now d0.w contains the VBR table offset
    move.l  VBR,%a0         // Get the address from VBR to a0
    move.l  (%a0,%d0.w),%a0 // Fetch the vector
    move.l  4(%sp),%d0      // Restore d0
    move.l  %a0,4(%sp)      // Place target address to the stack
    move.l  (%sp)+,%a0      // Restore a0, target address is on TOS
    ret                     // This will jump to the handler and
    // restore the stack
    (1) If 'myhandler' is guaranteed to be in the first 64K, e.g. just
    after the vector table then that insn is not needed.

There are probably shorter ways to do this, but it I believe is enough
to illustrate the trick. Optimisation is left as an exercise to the
reader :-)

Interrupt Levels
----------------

Eight levels (0-7) of interrupt priorities are
supported by MC68xxx family members with level seven (7) being
the highest priority.  Level zero (0) indicates that interrupts
are fully enabled.  Interrupt requests for interrupts with
priorities less than or equal to the current interrupt mask
level are ignored.

Although RTEMS supports 256 interrupt levels, the
MC68xxx family only supports eight.  RTEMS interrupt levels 0
through 7 directly correspond to MC68xxx interrupt levels.  All
other RTEMS interrupt levels are undefined and their behavior is
unpredictable.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for this architecture disables processor
interrupts to level 7, places the error code in D0, and executes a``stop`` instruction to simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is supported.

Board Support Packages
======================

System Reset
------------

An RTEMS based application is initiated or re-initiated when the MC68020
processor is reset.  When the MC68020 is reset, the processor performs
the following actions:

- The tracing bits of the status register are cleared to
  disable tracing.

- The supervisor interrupt state is entered by setting the
  supervisor (S) bit and clearing the master/interrupt (M) bit of
  the status register.

- The interrupt mask of the status register is set to
  level 7 to effectively disable all maskable interrupts.

- The vector base register (VBR) is set to zero.

- The cache control register (CACR) is set to zero to
  disable and freeze the processor cache.

- The interrupt stack pointer (ISP) is set to the value
  stored at vector 0 (bytes 0-3) of the exception vector table
  (EVT).

- The program counter (PC) is set to the value stored at
  vector 1 (bytes 4-7) of the EVT.

- The processor begins execution at the address stored in
  the PC.

Processor Initialization
------------------------

The address of the application’s initialization code should be stored in
the first vector of the EVT which will allow the immediate vectoring to
the application code.  If the application requires that the VBR be some
value besides zero, then it should be set to the required value at this
point.  All tasks share the same MC68020’s VBR value.  Because interrupts
are enabled automatically by RTEMS as part of the context switch to the
first task, the VBR MUST be set by either RTEMS of the BSP before this
occurs ensure correct interrupt vectoring.  If processor caching is
to be utilized, then it should be enabled during the reset application
initialization code.

In addition to the requirements described in the
Board Support Packages chapter of the Applications User’s
Manual for the reset code which is executed before the call to
initialize executive, the MC68020 version has the following
specific requirements:

- Must leave the S bit of the status register set so that
  the MC68020 remains in the supervisor state.

- Must set the M bit of the status register to remove the
  MC68020 from the interrupt state.

- Must set the master stack pointer (MSP) such that a
  minimum stack size of MINIMUM_STACK_SIZE bytes is provided for
  the initialize executive directive.

- Must initialize the MC68020’s vector table.

.. COMMENT: Copyright (c) 2014 embedded brains GmbH.  All rights reserved.

Xilinx MicroBlaze Specific Information
######################################

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not implemented.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

MIPS Specific Information
#########################

This chapter discusses the MIPS architecture dependencies
in this port of RTEMS.  The MIPS family has a wide variety
of implementations by a wide range of vendors.  Consequently,
there are many, many CPU models within it.

**Architecture Documents**

IDT docs are online at http://www.idt.com/products/risc/Welcome.html

For information on the XXX architecture, refer to the following documents
available from VENDOR (:file:`http//www.XXX.com/`):

- *XXX Family Reference, VENDOR, PART NUMBER*.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

This section presents the set of features which vary
across MIPS implementations and are of importance to RTEMS.
The set of CPU model feature macros are defined in the file``cpukit/score/cpu/mips/mips.h`` based upon the particular CPU
model specified on the compilation command line.

Another Optional Feature
------------------------

The macro XXX

Calling Conventions
===================

Processor Background
--------------------

TBD

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

TBD

Register Usage
--------------

TBD

Parameter Passing
-----------------

TBD

Memory Model
============

Flat Memory Model
-----------------

The MIPS family supports a flat 32-bit address
space with addresses ranging from 0x00000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF (4
gigabytes).  Each address is represented by a 32-bit value and
is byte addressable.  The address may be used to reference a
single byte, word (2-bytes), or long word (4 bytes).  Memory
accesses within this address space are performed in big endian
fashion by the processors in this family.

Some of the MIPS family members such as the support virtual memory and
segmentation.  RTEMS does not support virtual memory or
segmentation on any of these family members.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Although RTEMS hides many of the processor dependent
details of interrupt processing, it is important to understand
how the RTEMS interrupt manager is mapped onto the processor’s
unique architecture. Discussed in this chapter are the MIPS’s
interrupt response and control mechanisms as they pertain to
RTEMS.

Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler
---------------------------------

Upon receipt of an interrupt the XXX family
members with separate interrupt stacks automatically perform the
following actions:

- TBD

A nested interrupt is processed similarly by these
CPU models with the exception that only a single ISF is placed
on the interrupt stack and the current stack need not be
switched.

Interrupt Levels
----------------

TBD

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for this target architecture disables
processor interrupts, places the error code in *XXX*, and executes a``XXX`` instruction to simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not implemented.

Board Support Packages
======================

System Reset
------------

An RTEMS based application is initiated or
re-initiated when the processor is reset.  When the
processor is reset, it performs the following actions:

- TBD

Processor Initialization
------------------------

TBD

.. COMMENT: Copyright (c) 2014 embedded brains GmbH.  All rights reserved.

Altera Nios II Specific Information
###################################

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not implemented.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 2014 Hesham ALMatary <heshamelmatary@gmail.com>

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

OpenRISC 1000 Specific Information
##################################

This chapter discusses the`OpenRISC 1000 architecture <http://opencores.org/or1k/Main_Page>`_
dependencies in this port of RTEMS. There are many implementations
for OpenRISC like or1200 and mor1kx. Currently RTEMS supports basic
features that all implementations should have.

**Architecture Documents**

For information on the OpenRISC 1000 architecture refer to the`OpenRISC 1000 architecture manual <http://openrisc.github.io/or1k.html>`_.

Calling Conventions
===================

Please refer to the`Function Calling Sequence <http://openrisc.github.io/or1k.html#__RefHeading__504887_595890882>`_.

Floating Point Unit
-------------------

A floating point unit is currently not supported.

Memory Model
============

A flat 32-bit memory model is supported.

Interrupt Processing
====================

OpenRISC 1000 architecture has 13 exception types:

- Reset

- Bus Error

- Data Page Fault

- Instruction Page Fault

- Tick Timer

- Alignment

- Illegal Instruction

- External Interrupt

- D-TLB Miss

- I-TLB Miss

- Range

- System Call

- Floating Point

- Trap

Interrupt Levels
----------------

There are only two levels: interrupts enabled and interrupts disabled.

Interrupt Stack
---------------

The OpenRISC RTEMS port uses a dedicated software interrupt stack.
The stack for interrupts is allocated during interrupt driver initialization.
When an  interrupt is entered, the _ISR_Handler routine is responsible for
switching from the interrupted task stack to RTEMS software interrupt stack.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for this architecture performs the
following actions:

- disables operating system supported interrupts (IRQ),

- places the error code in ``r0``, and

- executes an infinite loop to simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2007.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

PowerPC Specific Information
############################

This chapter discusses the PowerPC architecture dependencies
in this port of RTEMS.  The PowerPC family has a wide variety
of implementations by a range of vendors.  Consequently,
there are many, many CPU models within it.

It is highly recommended that the PowerPC RTEMS
application developer obtain and become familiar with the
documentation for the processor being used as well as the
specification for the revision of the PowerPC architecture which
corresponds to that processor.

**PowerPC Architecture Documents**

For information on the PowerPC architecture, refer to
the following documents available from Motorola and IBM:

- *PowerPC Microprocessor Family: The Programming Environment*
  (Motorola Document MPRPPCFPE-01).

- *IBM PPC403GB Embedded Controller User’s Manual*.

- *PoweRisControl MPC500 Family RCPU RISC Central Processing
  Unit Reference Manual* (Motorola Document RCPUURM/AD).

- *PowerPC 601 RISC Microprocessor User’s Manual*
  (Motorola Document MPR601UM/AD).

- *PowerPC 603 RISC Microprocessor User’s Manual*
  (Motorola Document MPR603UM/AD).

- *PowerPC 603e RISC Microprocessor User’s Manual*
  (Motorola Document MPR603EUM/AD).

- *PowerPC 604 RISC Microprocessor User’s Manual*
  (Motorola Document MPR604UM/AD).

- *PowerPC MPC821 Portable Systems Microprocessor User’s Manual*
  (Motorola Document MPC821UM/AD).

- *PowerQUICC MPC860 User’s Manual* (Motorola Document MPC860UM/AD).

Motorola maintains an on-line electronic library for the PowerPC
at the following URL:

-  http://www.mot.com/powerpc/library/library.html

This site has a a wealth of information and examples.  Many of the
manuals are available from that site in electronic format.

**PowerPC Processor Simulator Information**

PSIM is a program which emulates the Instruction Set Architecture
of the PowerPC microprocessor family.  It is reely available in source
code form under the terms of the GNU General Public License (version
2 or later).  PSIM can be integrated with the GNU Debugger (gdb) to
execute and debug PowerPC executables on non-PowerPC hosts.  PSIM
supports the addition of user provided device models which can be
used to allow one to develop and debug embedded applications using
the simulator.

The latest version of PSIM is included in GDB and enabled on pre-built
binaries provided by the RTEMS Project.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

This section presents the set of features which vary
across PowerPC implementations and are of importance to RTEMS.
The set of CPU model feature macros are defined in the file``cpukit/score/cpu/powerpc/powerpc.h`` based upon the particular CPU
model specified on the compilation command line.

Alignment
---------

The macro PPC_ALIGNMENT is set to the PowerPC model’s worst case alignment
requirement for data types on a byte boundary.  This value is used
to derive the alignment restrictions for memory allocated from
regions and partitions.

Cache Alignment
---------------

The macro PPC_CACHE_ALIGNMENT is set to the line size of the cache.  It is
used to align the entry point of critical routines so that as much code
as possible can be retrieved with the initial read into cache.  This
is done for the interrupt handler as well as the context switch routines.

In addition, the "shortcut" data structure used by the PowerPC implementation
to ease access to data elements frequently accessed by RTEMS routines
implemented in assembly language is aligned using this value.

Maximum Interrupts
------------------

The macro PPC_INTERRUPT_MAX is set to the number of exception sources
supported by this PowerPC model.

Has Double Precision Floating Point
-----------------------------------

The macro PPC_HAS_DOUBLE is set to 1 to indicate that the PowerPC model
has support for double precision floating point numbers.  This is
important because the floating point registers need only be four bytes
wide (not eight) if double precision is not supported.

Critical Interrupts
-------------------

The macro PPC_HAS_RFCI is set to 1 to indicate that the PowerPC model
has the Critical Interrupt capability as defined by the IBM 403 models.

Use Multiword Load/Store Instructions
-------------------------------------

The macro PPC_USE_MULTIPLE is set to 1 to indicate that multiword load and
store instructions should be used to perform context switch operations.
The relative efficiency of multiword load and store instructions versus
an equivalent set of single word load and store instructions varies based
upon the PowerPC model.

Instruction Cache Size
----------------------

The macro PPC_I_CACHE is set to the size in bytes of the instruction cache.

Data Cache Size
---------------

The macro PPC_D_CACHE is set to the size in bytes of the data cache.

Debug Model
-----------

The macro PPC_DEBUG_MODEL is set to indicate the debug support features
present in this CPU model.  The following debug support feature sets
are currently supported:

*``PPC_DEBUG_MODEL_STANDARD``*
    indicates that the single-step trace enable (SE) and branch trace
    enable (BE) bits in the MSR are supported by this CPU model.

*``PPC_DEBUG_MODEL_SINGLE_STEP_ONLY``*
    indicates that only the single-step trace enable (SE) bit in the MSR
    is supported by this CPU model.

*``PPC_DEBUG_MODEL_IBM4xx``*
    indicates that the debug exception enable (DE) bit in the MSR is supported
    by this CPU model.  At this time, this particular debug feature set
    has only been seen in the IBM 4xx series.

Low Power Model
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro PPC_LOW_POWER_MODE is set to indicate the low power model
supported by this CPU model.  The following low power modes are currently
supported.

*``PPC_LOW_POWER_MODE_NONE``*
    indicates that this CPU model has no low power mode support.

*``PPC_LOW_POWER_MODE_STANDARD``*
    indicates that this CPU model follows the low power model defined for
    the PPC603e.

Multilibs
=========

The following multilibs are available:

# ``.``: 32-bit PowerPC with FPU

# ``nof``: 32-bit PowerPC with software floating point support

# ``m403``: Instruction set for PPC403 with FPU

# ``m505``: Instruction set for MPC505 with FPU

# ``m603e``: Instruction set for MPC603e with FPU

# ``m603e/nof``: Instruction set for MPC603e with software floating
  point support

# ``m604``: Instruction set for MPC604 with FPU

# ``m604/nof``: Instruction set for MPC604 with software floating point
  support

# ``m860``: Instruction set for MPC860 with FPU

# ``m7400``: Instruction set for MPC7500 with FPU

# ``m7400/nof``: Instruction set for MPC7500 with software floating
  point support

# ``m8540``: Instruction set for e200, e500 and e500v2 cores with
  single-precision FPU and SPE

# ``m8540/gprsdouble``: Instruction set for e200, e500 and e500v2 cores
  with double-precision FPU and SPE

# ``m8540/nof/nospe``: Instruction set for e200, e500 and e500v2 cores
  with software floating point support and no SPE

# ``me6500/m32``: 32-bit instruction set for e6500 core with FPU and
  AltiVec

# ``me6500/m32/nof/noaltivec``: 32-bit instruction set for e6500 core
  with software floating point support and no AltiVec

Calling Conventions
===================

RTEMS supports the Embedded Application Binary Interface (EABI)
calling convention.  Documentation for EABI is available by sending
a message with a subject line of "EABI" to eabi@goth.sis.mot.com.

Programming Model
-----------------

This section discusses the programming model for the
PowerPC architecture.

Non-Floating Point Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The PowerPC architecture defines thirty-two non-floating point registers
directly visible to the programmer.  In thirty-two bit implementations, each
register is thirty-two bits wide.  In sixty-four bit implementations, each
register is sixty-four bits wide.

These registers are referred to as ``gpr0`` to ``gpr31``.

Some of the registers serve defined roles in the EABI programming model.
The following table describes the role of each of these registers:
.. code:: c

    +---------------+----------------+------------------------------+
    | Register Name | Alternate Name |         Description          |
    +---------------+----------------+------------------------------+
    |      r1       |      sp        |         stack pointer        |
    +---------------+----------------+------------------------------+
    |               |                |  global pointer to the Small |
    |      r2       |      na        |     Constant Area (SDA2)     |
    +---------------+----------------+------------------------------+
    |    r3 - r12   |      na        | parameter and result passing |
    +---------------+----------------+------------------------------+
    |               |                |  global pointer to the Small |
    |      r13      |      na        |         Data Area (SDA)      |
    +---------------+----------------+------------------------------+

Floating Point Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The PowerPC architecture includes thirty-two, sixty-four bit
floating point registers.  All PowerPC floating point instructions
interpret these registers as 32 double precision floating point registers,
regardless of whether the processor has 64-bit or 32-bit implementation.

The floating point status and control register (fpscr) records exceptions
and the type of result generated by floating-point operations.
Additionally, it controls the rounding mode of operations and allows the
reporting of floating exceptions to be enabled or disabled.

Special Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The PowerPC architecture includes a number of special registers
which are critical to the programming model:

*Machine State Register*
    The MSR contains the processor mode, power management mode, endian mode,
    exception information, privilege level, floating point available and
    floating point excepiton mode, address translation information and
    the exception prefix.

*Link Register*
    The LR contains the return address after a function call.  This register
    must be saved before a subsequent subroutine call can be made.  The
    use of this register is discussed further in the *Call and Return
    Mechanism* section below.

*Count Register*
    The CTR contains the iteration variable for some loops.  It may also be used
    for indirect function calls and jumps.

Call and Return Mechanism
-------------------------

The PowerPC architecture supports a simple yet effective call
and return mechanism.  A subroutine is invoked
via the "branch and link" (``bl``) and
"brank and link absolute" (``bla``)
instructions.  This instructions place the return address
in the Link Register (LR).  The callee returns to the caller by
executing a "branch unconditional to the link register" (``blr``)
instruction.  Thus the callee returns to the caller via a jump
to the return address which is stored in the LR.

The previous contents of the LR are not automatically saved
by either the ``bl`` or ``bla``.  It is the responsibility
of the callee to save the contents of the LR before invoking
another subroutine.  If the callee invokes another subroutine,
it must restore the LR before executing the ``blr`` instruction
to return to the caller.

It is important to note that the PowerPC subroutine
call and return mechanism does not automatically save and
restore any registers.

The LR may be accessed as special purpose register 8 (``SPR8``) using the
"move from special register" (``mfspr``) and
"move to special register" (``mtspr``) instructions.

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

All RTEMS directives are invoked using the regular
PowerPC EABI calling convention via the ``bl`` or``bla`` instructions.

Register Usage
--------------

As discussed above, the call instruction does not
automatically save any registers.  It is the responsibility
of the callee to save and restore any registers which must be preserved
across subroutine calls.  The callee is responsible for saving
callee-preserved registers to the program stack and restoring them
before returning to the caller.

Parameter Passing
-----------------

RTEMS assumes that arguments are placed in the
general purpose registers with the first argument in
register 3 (``r3``), the second argument in general purpose
register 4 (``r4``), and so forth until the seventh
argument is in general purpose register 10 (``r10``).
If there are more than seven arguments, then subsequent arguments
are placed on the program stack.  The following pseudo-code
illustrates the typical sequence used to call a RTEMS directive
with three (3) arguments:
.. code:: c

    load third argument into r5
    load second argument into r4
    load first argument into r3
    invoke directive

Memory Model
============

Flat Memory Model
-----------------

The PowerPC architecture supports a variety of memory models.
RTEMS supports the PowerPC using a flat memory model with
paging disabled.  In this mode, the PowerPC automatically
converts every address from a logical to a physical address
each time it is used.  The PowerPC uses information provided
in the Block Address Translation (BAT) to convert these addresses.

Implementations of the PowerPC architecture may be thirty-two or sixty-four bit.
The PowerPC architecture supports a flat thirty-two or sixty-four bit address
space with addresses ranging from 0x00000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF (4
gigabytes) in thirty-two bit implementations or to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
in sixty-four bit implementations.  Each address is represented
by either a thirty-two bit or sixty-four bit value and is byte addressable.
The address may be used to reference a single byte, half-word
(2-bytes), word (4 bytes), or in sixty-four bit implementations a
doubleword (8 bytes).  Memory accesses within the address space are
performed in big or little endian fashion by the PowerPC based
upon the current setting of the Little-endian mode enable bit (LE)
in the Machine State Register (MSR).  While the processor is in
big endian mode, memory accesses which are not properly aligned
generate an "alignment exception" (vector offset 0x00600).  In
little endian mode, the PowerPC architecture does not require
the processor to generate alignment exceptions.

The following table lists the alignment requirements for a variety
of data accesses:

.. code:: c

    +--------------+-----------------------+
    |   Data Type  | Alignment Requirement |
    +--------------+-----------------------+
    |     byte     |          1            |
    |   half-word  |          2            |
    |     word     |          4            |
    |  doubleword  |          8            |
    +--------------+-----------------------+

Doubleword load and store operations are only available in
PowerPC CPU models which are sixty-four bit implementations.

RTEMS does not directly support any PowerPC Memory Management
Units, therefore, virtual memory or segmentation systems
involving the PowerPC  are not supported.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1989-2007.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Although RTEMS hides many of the processor dependent
details of interrupt processing, it is important to understand
how the RTEMS interrupt manager is mapped onto the processor’s
unique architecture. Discussed in this chapter are the PowerPC’s
interrupt response and control mechanisms as they pertain to
RTEMS.

RTEMS and associated documentation uses the terms interrupt and vector.
In the PowerPC architecture, these terms correspond to exception and
exception handler, respectively.  The terms will be used interchangeably
in this manual.

Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Exceptions
------------------------------------------

In the PowerPC architecture exceptions can be either precise or
imprecise and either synchronous or asynchronous.  Asynchronous
exceptions occur when an external event interrupts the processor.
Synchronous exceptions are caused by the actions of an
instruction. During an exception SRR0 is used to calculate where
instruction processing should resume.  All instructions prior to
the resume instruction will have completed execution.  SRR1 is used to
store the machine status.

There are two asynchronous nonmaskable, highest-priority exceptions
system reset and machine check.  There are two asynchrononous maskable
low-priority exceptions external interrupt and decrementer.  Nonmaskable
execptions are never delayed, therefore if two nonmaskable, asynchronous
exceptions occur in immediate succession, the state information saved by
the first exception may be overwritten when the subsequent exception occurs.

The PowerPC arcitecure defines one imprecise exception, the imprecise
floating point enabled exception.  All other synchronous exceptions are
precise.  The synchronization occuring during asynchronous precise
exceptions conforms to the requirements for context synchronization.

Vectoring of Interrupt Handler
------------------------------

Upon determining that an exception can be taken the PowerPC automatically
performs the following actions:

- an instruction address is loaded into SRR0

- bits 33-36 and 42-47 of SRR1 are loaded with information
  specific to the exception.

- bits 0-32, 37-41, and 48-63 of SRR1 are loaded with corresponding
  bits from the MSR.

- the MSR is set based upon the exception type.

- instruction fetch and execution resumes, using the new MSR value, at a location specific to the execption type.

If the interrupt handler was installed as an RTEMS
interrupt handler, then upon receipt of the interrupt, the
processor passes control to the RTEMS interrupt handler which
performs the following actions:

- saves the state of the interrupted task on it’s stack,

- saves all registers which are not normally preserved
  by the calling sequence so the user’s interrupt service
  routine can be written in a high-level language.

- if this is the outermost (i.e. non-nested) interrupt,
  then the RTEMS interrupt handler switches from the current stack
  to the interrupt stack,

- enables exceptions,

- invokes the vectors to a user interrupt service routine (ISR).

Asynchronous interrupts are ignored while exceptions are
disabled.  Synchronous interrupts which occur while are
disabled result in the CPU being forced into an error mode.

A nested interrupt is processed similarly with the
exception that the current stack need not be switched to the
interrupt stack.

Interrupt Levels
----------------

The PowerPC architecture supports only a single external
asynchronous interrupt source.  This interrupt source
may be enabled and disabled via the External Interrupt Enable (EE)
bit in the Machine State Register (MSR).  Thus only two level (enabled
and disabled) of external device interrupt priorities are
directly supported by the PowerPC architecture.

Some PowerPC implementations include a Critical Interrupt capability
which is often used to receive interrupts from high priority external
devices.

The RTEMS interrupt level mapping scheme for the PowerPC is not
a numeric level as on most RTEMS ports.  It is a bit mapping in
which the least three significiant bits of the interrupt level
are mapped directly to the enabling of specific interrupt
sources as follows:

*Critical Interrupt*
    Setting bit 0 (the least significant bit) of the interrupt level
    enables the Critical Interrupt source, if it is available on this
    CPU model.

*Machine Check*
    Setting bit 1 of the interrupt level enables Machine Check execptions.

*External Interrupt*
    Setting bit 2 of the interrupt level enables External Interrupt execptions.

All other bits in the RTEMS task interrupt level are ignored.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for this architecture performs the
following actions:

- places the error code in r3, and

- executes a trap instruction which results in a Program Exception.

If the Program Exception returns, then the following actions are performed:

- disables all processor exceptions by loading a 0 into the MSR, and

- goes into an infinite loop to simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is supported.  Available platforms are the Freescale QorIQ P series (e.g.
P1020) and T series (e.g. T2080, T4240).

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is supported.

Board Support Packages
======================

System Reset
------------

An RTEMS based application is initiated or
re-initiated when the PowerPC processor is reset.  The PowerPC
architecture defines a Reset Exception, but leaves the
details of the CPU state as implementation specific.  Please
refer to the User’s Manual for the CPU model in question.

In general, at power-up the PowerPC begin execution at address
0xFFF00100 in supervisor mode with all exceptions disabled.  For
soft resets, the CPU will vector to either 0xFFF00100 or 0x00000100
depending upon the setting of the Exception Prefix bit in the MSR.
If during a soft reset, a Machine Check Exception occurs, then the
CPU may execute a hard reset.

Processor Initialization
------------------------

If this PowerPC implementation supports on-chip caching
and this is to be utilized, then it should be enabled during the
reset application initialization code.  On-chip caching has been
observed to prevent some emulators from working properly, so it
may be necessary to run with caching disabled to use these emulators.

In addition to the requirements described in the*Board Support Packages* chapter of the RTEMS C
Applications User’s Manual for the reset code
which is executed before the call to ``rtems_initialize_executive``,
the PowrePC version has the following specific requirements:

- Must leave the PR bit of the Machine State Register (MSR) set
  to 0 so the PowerPC remains in the supervisor state.

- Must set stack pointer (sp or r1) such that a minimum stack
  size of MINIMUM_STACK_SIZE bytes is provided for the RTEMS initialization
  sequence.

- Must disable all external interrupts (i.e. clear the EI (EE)
  bit of the machine state register).

- Must enable traps so window overflow and underflow
  conditions can be properly handled.

- Must initialize the PowerPC’s initial Exception Table with default
  handlers.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

SuperH Specific Information
###########################

This chapter discusses the SuperH architecture dependencies
in this port of RTEMS.  The SuperH family has a wide variety
of implementations by a wide range of vendors.  Consequently,
there are many, many CPU models within it.

**Architecture Documents**

For information on the SuperH architecture,
refer to the following documents available from VENDOR
(:file:`http//www.XXX.com/`):

- *SuperH Family Reference, VENDOR, PART NUMBER*.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

This chapter presents the set of features which vary
across SuperH implementations and are of importance to RTEMS.
The set of CPU model feature macros are defined in the file``cpukit/score/cpu/sh/sh.h`` based upon the particular CPU
model specified on the compilation command line.

Another Optional Feature
------------------------

The macro XXX

Calling Conventions
===================

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

All RTEMS directives are invoked using a ``XXX``
instruction and return to the user application via the``XXX`` instruction.

Register Usage
--------------

The SH1 has 16 general registers (r0..r15).

- r0..r3 used as general volatile registers

- r4..r7 used to pass up to 4 arguments to functions, arguments
  above 4 are
  passed via the stack)

- r8..13 caller saved registers (i.e. push them to the stack if you
  need them inside of a function)

- r14 frame pointer

- r15 stack pointer

Parameter Passing
-----------------

XXX

Memory Model
============

Flat Memory Model
-----------------

The SuperH family supports a flat 32-bit address
space with addresses ranging from 0x00000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF (4
gigabytes).  Each address is represented by a 32-bit value and
is byte addressable.  The address may be used to reference a
single byte, word (2-bytes), or long word (4 bytes).  Memory
accesses within this address space are performed in big endian
fashion by the processors in this family.

Some of the SuperH family members support virtual memory and
segmentation.  RTEMS does not support virtual memory or
segmentation on any of the SuperH family members.  It is the
responsibility of the BSP to initialize the mapping for
a flat memory model.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Although RTEMS hides many of the processor dependent
details of interrupt processing, it is important to understand
how the RTEMS interrupt manager is mapped onto the processor’s
unique architecture. Discussed in this chapter are the MIPS’s
interrupt response and control mechanisms as they pertain to
RTEMS.

Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler
---------------------------------

Upon receipt of an interrupt the XXX family
members with separate interrupt stacks automatically perform the
following actions:

- TBD

A nested interrupt is processed similarly by these
CPU models with the exception that only a single ISF is placed
on the interrupt stack and the current stack need not be
switched.

Interrupt Levels
----------------

TBD

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

The default fatal error handler for this architecture disables processor
interrupts, places the error code in *XXX*, and executes a ``XXX``
instruction to simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is not implemented.

Board Support Packages
======================

System Reset
------------

An RTEMS based application is initiated or
re-initiated when the processor is reset.  When the
processor is reset, it performs the following actions:

- TBD

Processor Initialization
------------------------

TBD

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

SPARC Specific Information
##########################

The Real Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems
(RTEMS) is designed to be portable across multiple processor
architectures.  However, the nature of real-time systems makes
it essential that the application designer understand certain
processor dependent implementation details.  These processor
dependencies include calling convention, board support package
issues, interrupt processing, exact RTEMS memory requirements,
performance data, header files, and the assembly language
interface to the executive.

This document discusses the SPARC architecture dependencies in this
port of RTEMS.  This architectural port is for SPARC Version 7 and
8. Implementations for SPARC V9 are in the sparc64 target.

It is highly recommended that the SPARC RTEMS
application developer obtain and become familiar with the
documentation for the processor being used as well as the
specification for the revision of the SPARC architecture which
corresponds to that processor.

**SPARC Architecture Documents**

For information on the SPARC architecture, refer to
the following documents available from SPARC International, Inc.
(http://www.sparc.com):

- SPARC Standard Version 7.

- SPARC Standard Version 8.

**ERC32 Specific Information**

The European Space Agency’s ERC32 is a three chip
computing core implementing a SPARC V7 processor and associated
support circuitry for embedded space applications. The integer
and floating-point units (90C601E & 90C602E) are based on the
Cypress 7C601 and 7C602, with additional error-detection and
recovery functions. The memory controller (MEC) implements
system support functions such as address decoding, memory
interface, DMA interface, UARTs, timers, interrupt control,
write-protection, memory reconfiguration and error-detection.
The core is designed to work at 25MHz, but using space qualified
memories limits the system frequency to around 15 MHz, resulting
in a performance of 10 MIPS and 2 MFLOPS.

Information on the ERC32 and a number of development
support tools, such as the SPARC Instruction Simulator (SIS),
are freely available on the Internet.  The following documents
and SIS are available via anonymous ftp or pointing your web
browser at ftp://ftp.estec.esa.nl/pub/ws/wsd/erc32.

- ERC32 System Design Document

- MEC Device Specification

Additionally, the SPARC RISC User’s Guide from Matra
MHS documents the functionality of the integer and floating
point units including the instruction set information.  To
obtain this document as well as ERC32 components and VHDL models
contact:
.. code:: c

    Matra MHS SA
    3 Avenue du Centre, BP 309,
    78054 St-Quentin-en-Yvelines,
    Cedex, France
    VOICE: +31-1-30607087
    FAX: +31-1-30640693

Amar Guennon (amar.guennon@matramhs.fr) is familiar with the ERC32.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

Microprocessors are generally classified into
families with a variety of CPU models or implementations within
that family.  Within a processor family, there is a high level
of binary compatibility.  This family may be based on either an
architectural specification or on maintaining compatibility with
a popular processor.  Recent microprocessor families such as the
SPARC or PowerPC are based on an architectural specification
which is independent or any particular CPU model or
implementation.  Older families such as the M68xxx and the iX86
evolved as the manufacturer strived to produce higher
performance processor models which maintained binary
compatibility with older models.

RTEMS takes advantage of the similarity of the
various models within a CPU family.  Although the models do vary
in significant ways, the high level of compatibility makes it
possible to share the bulk of the CPU dependent executive code
across the entire family.

CPU Model Feature Flags
-----------------------

Each processor family supported by RTEMS has a
list of features which vary between CPU models
within a family.  For example, the most common model dependent
feature regardless of CPU family is the presence or absence of a
floating point unit or coprocessor.  When defining the list of
features present on a particular CPU model, one simply notes
that floating point hardware is or is not present and defines a
single constant appropriately.  Conditional compilation is
utilized to include the appropriate source code for this CPU
model’s feature set.  It is important to note that this means
that RTEMS is thus compiled using the appropriate feature set
and compilation flags optimal for this CPU model used.  The
alternative would be to generate a binary which would execute on
all family members using only the features which were always
present.

This section presents the set of features which vary
across SPARC implementations and are of importance to RTEMS.
The set of CPU model feature macros are defined in the file
cpukit/score/cpu/sparc/sparc.h based upon the particular CPU
model defined on the compilation command line.

CPU Model Name
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro CPU_MODEL_NAME is a string which designates
the name of this CPU model.  For example, for the European Space
Agency’s ERC32 SPARC model, this macro is set to the string
"erc32".

Floating Point Unit
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro SPARC_HAS_FPU is set to 1 to indicate that
this CPU model has a hardware floating point unit and 0
otherwise.

Bitscan Instruction
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro SPARC_HAS_BITSCAN is set to 1 to indicate
that this CPU model has the bitscan instruction.  For example,
this instruction is supported by the Fujitsu SPARClite family.

Number of Register Windows
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro SPARC_NUMBER_OF_REGISTER_WINDOWS is set to
indicate the number of register window sets implemented by this
CPU model.  The SPARC architecture allows a for a maximum of
thirty-two register window sets although most implementations
only include eight.

Low Power Mode
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro SPARC_HAS_LOW_POWER_MODE is set to one to
indicate that this CPU model has a low power mode.  If low power
is enabled, then there must be CPU model specific implementation
of the IDLE task in cpukit/score/cpu/sparc/cpu.c.  The low
power mode IDLE task should be of the form:
.. code:: c

    while ( TRUE ) {
    enter low power mode
    }

The code required to enter low power mode is CPU model specific.

CPU Model Implementation Notes
------------------------------

The ERC32 is a custom SPARC V7 implementation based on the Cypress 601/602
chipset.  This CPU has a number of on-board peripherals and was developed by
the European Space Agency to target space applications.  RTEMS currently
provides support for the following peripherals:

- UART Channels A and B

- General Purpose Timer

- Real Time Clock

- Watchdog Timer (so it can be disabled)

- Control Register (so powerdown mode can be enabled)

- Memory Control Register

- Interrupt Control

The General Purpose Timer and Real Time Clock Timer provided with the ERC32
share the Timer Control Register.  Because the Timer Control Register is write
only, we must mirror it in software and insure that writes to one timer do not
alter the current settings and status of the other timer.  Routines are
provided in erc32.h which promote the view that the two timers are completely
independent.  By exclusively using these routines to access the Timer Control
Register, the application can view the system as having a General Purpose
Timer Control Register and a Real Time Clock Timer Control Register
rather than the single shared value.

The RTEMS Idle thread take advantage of the low power mode provided by the
ERC32.  Low power mode is entered during idle loops and is enabled at
initialization time.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Calling Conventions
===================

Each high-level language compiler generates subroutine entry and exit code
based upon a set of rules known as the application binary interface (ABI)
calling convention.   These rules address the following issues:

- register preservation and usage

- parameter passing

- call and return mechanism

An ABI calling convention is of importance when interfacing to subroutines
written in another language either assembly or high-level.  It determines also
the set of registers to be saved or restored during a context switch and
interrupt processing.

The ABI relevant for RTEMS on SPARC is defined by SYSTEM V APPLICATION BINARY
INTERFACE, SPARC Processor Supplement, Third Edition.

Programming Model
-----------------

This section discusses the programming model for the
SPARC architecture.

Non-Floating Point Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The SPARC architecture defines thirty-two
non-floating point registers directly visible to the programmer.
These are divided into four sets:

- input registers

- local registers

- output registers

- global registers

Each register is referred to by either two or three
names in the SPARC reference manuals.  First, the registers are
referred to as r0 through r31 or with the alternate notation
r[0] through r[31].  Second, each register is a member of one of
the four sets listed above.  Finally, some registers have an
architecturally defined role in the programming model which
provides an alternate name.  The following table describes the
mapping between the 32 registers and the register sets:

.. code:: c

    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    | Register Number | Register Names |   Description    |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    |     0 - 7       |    g0 - g7     | Global Registers |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    |     8 - 15      |    o0 - o7     | Output Registers |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    |    16 - 23      |    l0 - l7     | Local Registers  |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    |    24 - 31      |    i0 - i7     | Input Registers  |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+

As mentioned above, some of the registers serve
defined roles in the programming model.  The following table
describes the role of each of these registers:

.. code:: c

    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    | Register Name | Alternate Name |      Description     |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    |     g0        |      na        |    reads return 0    |
    |               |                |  writes are ignored  |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    |     o6        |      sp        |     stack pointer    |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    |     i6        |      fp        |     frame pointer    |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    |     i7        |      na        |    return address    |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+

The registers g2 through g4 are reserved for applications.  GCC uses them as
volatile registers by default.  So they are treated like volatile registers in
RTEMS as well.

The register g6 is reserved for the operating system and contains the address
of the per-CPU control block of the current processor.  This register is
initialized during system start and then remains unchanged.  It is not
saved/restored by the context switch or interrupt processing code.

The register g7 is reserved for the operating system and contains the thread
pointer used for thread-local storage (TLS) as mandated by the SPARC ABI.

Floating Point Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The SPARC V7 architecture includes thirty-two,
thirty-two bit registers.  These registers may be viewed as
follows:

- 32 single precision floating point or integer registers
  (f0, f1,  ... f31)

- 16 double precision floating point registers (f0, f2,
  f4, ... f30)

- 8 extended precision floating point registers (f0, f4,
  f8, ... f28)

The floating point status register (FSR) specifies
the behavior of the floating point unit for rounding, contains
its condition codes, version specification, and trap information.

According to the ABI all floating point registers and the floating point status
register (FSR) are volatile.  Thus the floating point context of a thread is the
empty set.  The rounding direction is a system global state and must not be
modified by threads.

A queue of the floating point instructions which have
started execution but not yet completed is maintained.  This
queue is needed to support the multiple cycle nature of floating
point operations and to aid floating point exception trap
handlers.  Once a floating point exception has been encountered,
the queue is frozen until it is emptied by the trap handler.
The floating point queue is loaded by launching instructions.
It is emptied normally when the floating point completes all
outstanding instructions and by floating point exception
handlers with the store double floating point queue (stdfq)
instruction.

Special Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The SPARC architecture includes two special registers
which are critical to the programming model: the Processor State
Register (psr) and the Window Invalid Mask (wim).  The psr
contains the condition codes, processor interrupt level, trap
enable bit, supervisor mode and previous supervisor mode bits,
version information, floating point unit and coprocessor enable
bits, and the current window pointer (cwp).  The cwp field of
the psr and wim register are used to manage the register windows
in the SPARC architecture.  The register windows are discussed
in more detail below.

Register Windows
----------------

The SPARC architecture includes the concept of
register windows.  An overly simplistic way to think of these
windows is to imagine them as being an infinite supply of
"fresh" register sets available for each subroutine to use.  In
reality, they are much more complicated.

The save instruction is used to obtain a new register
window.  This instruction decrements the current window pointer,
thus providing a new set of registers for use.  This register
set includes eight fresh local registers for use exclusively by
this subroutine.  When done with a register set, the restore
instruction increments the current window pointer and the
previous register set is once again available.

The two primary issues complicating the use of
register windows are that (1) the set of register windows is
finite, and (2) some registers are shared between adjacent
registers windows.

Because the set of register windows is finite, it is
possible to execute enough save instructions without
corresponding restore’s to consume all of the register windows.
This is easily accomplished in a high level language because
each subroutine typically performs a save instruction upon
entry.  Thus having a subroutine call depth greater than the
number of register windows will result in a window overflow
condition.  The window overflow condition generates a trap which
must be handled in software.  The window overflow trap handler
is responsible for saving the contents of the oldest register
window on the program stack.

Similarly, the subroutines will eventually complete
and begin to perform restore’s.  If the restore results in the
need for a register window which has previously been written to
memory as part of an overflow, then a window underflow condition
results.  Just like the window overflow, the window underflow
condition must be handled in software by a trap handler.  The
window underflow trap handler is responsible for reloading the
contents of the register window requested by the restore
instruction from the program stack.

The Window Invalid Mask (wim) and the Current Window
Pointer (cwp) field in the psr are used in conjunction to manage
the finite set of register windows and detect the window
overflow and underflow conditions.  The cwp contains the index
of the register window currently in use.  The save instruction
decrements the cwp modulo the number of register windows.
Similarly, the restore instruction increments the cwp modulo the
number of register windows.  Each bit in the  wim represents
represents whether a register window contains valid information.
The value of 0 indicates the register window is valid and 1
indicates it is invalid.  When a save instruction causes the cwp
to point to a register window which is marked as invalid, a
window overflow condition results.  Conversely, the restore
instruction may result in a window underflow condition.

Other than the assumption that a register window is
always available for trap (i.e. interrupt) handlers, the SPARC
architecture places no limits on the number of register windows
simultaneously marked as invalid (i.e. number of bits set in the
wim).  However, RTEMS assumes that only one register window is
marked invalid at a time (i.e. only one bit set in the wim).
This makes the maximum possible number of register windows
available to the user while still meeting the requirement that
window overflow and underflow conditions can be detected.

The window overflow and window underflow trap
handlers are a critical part of the run-time environment for a
SPARC application.  The SPARC architectural specification allows
for the number of register windows to be any power of two less
than or equal to 32.  The most common choice for SPARC
implementations appears to be 8 register windows.  This results
in the cwp ranging in value from 0 to 7 on most implementations.

The second complicating factor is the sharing of
registers between adjacent register windows.  While each
register window has its own set of local registers, the input
and output registers are shared between adjacent windows.  The
output registers for register window N are the same as the input
registers for register window ((N - 1) modulo RW) where RW is
the number of register windows.  An alternative way to think of
this is to remember how parameters are passed to a subroutine on
the SPARC.  The caller loads values into what are its output
registers.  Then after the callee executes a save instruction,
those parameters are available in its input registers.  This is
a very efficient way to pass parameters as no data is actually
moved by the save or restore instructions.

Call and Return Mechanism
-------------------------

The SPARC architecture supports a simple yet
effective call and return mechanism.  A subroutine is invoked
via the call (call) instruction.  This instruction places the
return address in the caller’s output register 7 (o7).  After
the callee executes a save instruction, this value is available
in input register 7 (i7) until the corresponding restore
instruction is executed.

The callee returns to the caller via a jmp to the
return address.  There is a delay slot following this
instruction which is commonly used to execute a restore
instruction – if a register window was allocated by this
subroutine.

It is important to note that the SPARC subroutine
call and return mechanism does not automatically save and
restore any registers.  This is accomplished via the save and
restore instructions which manage the set of registers windows.

In case a floating-point unit is supported, then floating-point return values
appear in the floating-point registers.  Single-precision values occupy %f0;
double-precision values occupy %f0 and %f1.  Otherwise, these are scratch
registers.  Due to this the hardware and software floating-point ABIs are
incompatible.

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

All RTEMS directives are invoked using the regular
SPARC calling convention via the call instruction.

Register Usage
--------------

As discussed above, the call instruction does not
automatically save any registers.  The save and restore
instructions are used to allocate and deallocate register
windows.  When a register window is allocated, the new set of
local registers are available for the exclusive use of the
subroutine which allocated this register set.

Parameter Passing
-----------------

RTEMS assumes that arguments are placed in the
caller’s output registers with the first argument in output
register 0 (o0), the second argument in output register 1 (o1),
and so forth.  Until the callee executes a save instruction, the
parameters are still visible in the output registers.  After the
callee executes a save instruction, the parameters are visible
in the corresponding input registers.  The following pseudo-code
illustrates the typical sequence used to call a RTEMS directive
with three (3) arguments:
.. code:: c

    load third argument into o2
    load second argument into o1
    load first argument into o0
    invoke directive

User-Provided Routines
----------------------

All user-provided routines invoked by RTEMS, such as
user extensions, device drivers, and MPCI routines, must also
adhere to these calling conventions.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Memory Model
============

A processor may support any combination of memory
models ranging from pure physical addressing to complex demand
paged virtual memory systems.  RTEMS supports a flat memory
model which ranges contiguously over the processor’s allowable
address space.  RTEMS does not support segmentation or virtual
memory of any kind.  The appropriate memory model for RTEMS
provided by the targeted processor and related characteristics
of that model are described in this chapter.

Flat Memory Model
-----------------

The SPARC architecture supports a flat 32-bit address
space with addresses ranging from 0x00000000 to 0xFFFFFFFF (4
gigabytes).  Each address is represented by a 32-bit value and
is byte addressable.  The address may be used to reference a
single byte, half-word (2-bytes), word (4 bytes), or doubleword
(8 bytes).  Memory accesses within this address space are
performed in big endian fashion by the SPARC.  Memory accesses
which are not properly aligned generate a "memory address not
aligned" trap (type number 7).  The following table lists the
alignment requirements for a variety of data accesses:

.. code:: c

    +--------------+-----------------------+
    |   Data Type  | Alignment Requirement |
    +--------------+-----------------------+
    |     byte     |          1            |
    |   half-word  |          2            |
    |     word     |          4            |
    |  doubleword  |          8            |
    +--------------+-----------------------+

Doubleword load and store operations must use a pair
of registers as their source or destination.  This pair of
registers must be an adjacent pair of registers with the first
of the pair being even numbered.  For example, a valid
destination for a doubleword load might be input registers 0 and
1 (i0 and i1).  The pair i1 and i2 would be invalid.  \[NOTE:
Some assemblers for the SPARC do not generate an error if an odd
numbered register is specified as the beginning register of the
pair.  In this case, the assembler assumes that what the
programmer meant was to use the even-odd pair which ends at the
specified register.  This may or may not have been a correct
assumption.]

RTEMS does not support any SPARC Memory Management
Units, therefore, virtual memory or segmentation systems
involving the SPARC are not supported.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Interrupt Processing
====================

Different types of processors respond to the
occurrence of an interrupt in its own unique fashion. In
addition, each processor type provides a control mechanism to
allow for the proper handling of an interrupt.  The processor
dependent response to the interrupt modifies the current
execution state and results in a change in the execution stream.
Most processors require that an interrupt handler utilize some
special control mechanisms to return to the normal processing
stream.  Although RTEMS hides many of the processor dependent
details of interrupt processing, it is important to understand
how the RTEMS interrupt manager is mapped onto the processor’s
unique architecture. Discussed in this chapter are the SPARC’s
interrupt response and control mechanisms as they pertain to
RTEMS.

RTEMS and associated documentation uses the terms
interrupt and vector.  In the SPARC architecture, these terms
correspond to traps and trap type, respectively.  The terms will
be used interchangeably in this manual.

Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Traps
-------------------------------------

The SPARC architecture includes two classes of traps:
synchronous and asynchronous.  Asynchronous traps occur when an
external event interrupts the processor.  These traps are not
associated with any instruction executed by the processor and
logically occur between instructions.  The instruction currently
in the execute stage of the processor is allowed to complete
although subsequent instructions are annulled.  The return
address reported by the processor for asynchronous traps is the
pair of instructions following the current instruction.

Synchronous traps are caused by the actions of an
instruction.  The trap stimulus in this case either occurs
internally to the processor or is from an external signal that
was provoked by the instruction.  These traps are taken
immediately and the instruction that caused the trap is aborted
before any state changes occur in the processor itself.   The
return address reported by the processor for synchronous traps
is the instruction which caused the trap and the following
instruction.

Vectoring of Interrupt Handler
------------------------------

Upon receipt of an interrupt the SPARC automatically
performs the following actions:

- disables traps (sets the ET bit of the psr to 0),

- the S bit of the psr is copied into the Previous
  Supervisor Mode (PS) bit of the psr,

- the cwp is decremented by one (modulo the number of
  register windows) to activate a trap window,

- the PC and nPC are loaded into local register 1 and 2
  (l0 and l1),

- the trap type (tt) field of the Trap Base Register (TBR)
  is set to the appropriate value, and

- if the trap is not a reset, then the PC is written with
  the contents of the TBR and the nPC is written with TBR + 4.  If
  the trap is a reset, then the PC is set to zero and the nPC is
  set to 4.

Trap processing on the SPARC has two features which
are noticeably different than interrupt processing on other
architectures.  First, the value of psr register in effect
immediately before the trap occurred is not explicitly saved.
Instead only reversible alterations are made to it.  Second, the
Processor Interrupt Level (pil) is not set to correspond to that
of the interrupt being processed.  When a trap occurs, ALL
subsequent traps are disabled.  In order to safely invoke a
subroutine during trap handling, traps must be enabled to allow
for the possibility of register window overflow and underflow
traps.

If the interrupt handler was installed as an RTEMS
interrupt handler, then upon receipt of the interrupt, the
processor passes control to the RTEMS interrupt handler which
performs the following actions:

- saves the state of the interrupted task on it’s stack,

- insures that a register window is available for
  subsequent traps,

- if this is the outermost (i.e. non-nested) interrupt,
  then the RTEMS interrupt handler switches from the current stack
  to the interrupt stack,

- enables traps,

- invokes the vectors to a user interrupt service routine (ISR).

Asynchronous interrupts are ignored while traps are
disabled.  Synchronous traps which occur while traps are
disabled result in the CPU being forced into an error mode.

A nested interrupt is processed similarly with the
exception that the current stack need not be switched to the
interrupt stack.

Traps and Register Windows
--------------------------

One of the register windows must be reserved at all
times for trap processing.  This is critical to the proper
operation of the trap mechanism in the SPARC architecture.  It
is the responsibility of the trap handler to insure that there
is a register window available for a subsequent trap before
re-enabling traps.  It is likely that any high level language
routines invoked by the trap handler (such as a user-provided
RTEMS interrupt handler) will allocate a new register window.
The save operation could result in a window overflow trap.  This
trap cannot be correctly processed unless (1) traps are enabled
and (2) a register window is reserved for traps.  Thus, the
RTEMS interrupt handler insures that a register window is
available for subsequent traps before enabling traps and
invoking the user’s interrupt handler.

Interrupt Levels
----------------

Sixteen levels (0-15) of interrupt priorities are
supported by the SPARC architecture with level fifteen (15)
being the highest priority.  Level zero (0) indicates that
interrupts are fully enabled.  Interrupt requests for interrupts
with priorities less than or equal to the current interrupt mask
level are ignored. Level fifteen (15) is a non-maskable interrupt
(NMI), which makes it unsuitable for standard usage since it can
affect the real-time behaviour by interrupting critical sections
and spinlocks. Disabling traps stops also the NMI interrupt from
happening. It can however be used for power-down or other
critical events.

Although RTEMS supports 256 interrupt levels, the
SPARC only supports sixteen.  RTEMS interrupt levels 0 through
15 directly correspond to SPARC processor interrupt levels.  All
other RTEMS interrupt levels are undefined and their behavior is
unpredictable.

Many LEON SPARC v7/v8 systems features an extended interrupt controller
which adds an extra step of interrupt decoding to allow handling of
interrupt 16-31. When such an extended interrupt is generated the CPU
traps into a specific interrupt trap level 1-14 and software reads out from
the interrupt controller which extended interrupt source actually caused the
interrupt.

Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS
--------------------------------

During the execution of directive calls, critical
sections of code may be executed.  When these sections are
encountered, RTEMS disables interrupts to level fifteen (15)
before the execution of the section and restores them to the
previous level upon completion of the section.  RTEMS has been
optimized to ensure that interrupts are disabled for less than
RTEMS_MAXIMUM_DISABLE_PERIOD microseconds on a RTEMS_MAXIMUM_DISABLE_PERIOD_MHZ
Mhz ERC32 with zero wait states.
These numbers will vary based the number of wait states and
processor speed present on the target board.
\[NOTE:  The maximum period with interrupts disabled is hand calculated.  This
calculation was last performed for Release
RTEMS_RELEASE_FOR_MAXIMUM_DISABLE_PERIOD.]

[NOTE: It is thought that the length of time at which
the processor interrupt level is elevated to fifteen by RTEMS is
not anywhere near as long as the length of time ALL traps are
disabled as part of the "flush all register windows" operation.]

Non-maskable interrupts (NMI) cannot be disabled, and
ISRs which execute at this level MUST NEVER issue RTEMS system
calls.  If a directive is invoked, unpredictable results may
occur due to the inability of RTEMS to protect its critical
sections.  However, ISRs that make no system calls may safely
execute as non-maskable interrupts.

Interrupts are disabled or enabled by performing a system call
to the Operating System reserved software traps 9
(SPARC_SWTRAP_IRQDIS) or 10 (SPARC_SWTRAP_IRQDIS). The trap is
generated by the software trap (Ticc) instruction or indirectly
by calling sparc_disable_interrupts() or sparc_enable_interrupts()
functions. Disabling interrupts return the previous interrupt level
(on trap entry) in register G1 and sets PSR.PIL to 15 to disable
all maskable interrupts. The interrupt level can be restored by
trapping into the enable interrupt handler with G1 containing the
new interrupt level.

Interrupt Stack
---------------

The SPARC architecture does not provide for a
dedicated interrupt stack.  Thus by default, trap handlers would
execute on the stack of the RTEMS task which they interrupted.
This artificially inflates the stack requirements for each task
since EVERY task stack would have to include enough space to
account for the worst case interrupt stack requirements in
addition to it’s own worst case usage.  RTEMS addresses this
problem on the SPARC by providing a dedicated interrupt stack
managed by software.

During system initialization, RTEMS allocates the
interrupt stack from the Workspace Area.  The amount of memory
allocated for the interrupt stack is determined by the
interrupt_stack_size field in the CPU Configuration Table.  As
part of processing a non-nested interrupt, RTEMS will switch to
the interrupt stack before invoking the installed handler.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

Upon detection of a fatal error by either the
application or RTEMS the fatal error manager is invoked.  The
fatal error manager will invoke the user-supplied fatal error
handlers.  If no user-supplied handlers are configured,  the
RTEMS provided default fatal error handler is invoked.  If the
user-supplied fatal error handlers return to the executive the
default fatal error handler is then invoked.  This chapter
describes the precise operations of the default fatal error
handler.

Default Fatal Error Handler Operations
--------------------------------------

The default fatal error handler which is invoked by
the fatal_error_occurred directive when there is no user handler
configured or the user handler returns control to RTEMS.

If the BSP has been configured with ``BSP_POWER_DOWN_AT_FATAL_HALT``
set to true, the default handler will disable interrupts
and enter power down mode. If power down mode is not available,
it goes into an infinite loop to simulate a halt processor instruction.

If ``BSP_POWER_DOWN_AT_FATAL_HALT`` is set to false, the default
handler will place the value ``1`` in register ``g1``, the
error source in register ``g2``, and the error code in register``g3``. It will then generate a system error which will
hand over control to the debugger, simulator, etc.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is supported.  Available platforms are the Cobham Gaisler GR712RC and
GR740.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is supported.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Board Support Packages
======================

An RTEMS Board Support Package (BSP) must be designed
to support a particular processor and target board combination.
This chapter presents a discussion of SPARC specific BSP issues.
For more information on developing a BSP, refer to the chapter
titled Board Support Packages in the RTEMS
Applications User’s Guide.

System Reset
------------

An RTEMS based application is initiated or
re-initiated when the SPARC processor is reset.  When the SPARC
is reset, the processor performs the following actions:

- the enable trap (ET) of the psr is set to 0 to disable
  traps,

- the supervisor bit (S) of the psr is set to 1 to enter
  supervisor mode, and

- the PC is set 0 and the nPC is set to 4.

The processor then begins to execute the code at
location 0.  It is important to note that all fields in the psr
are not explicitly set by the above steps and all other
registers retain their value from the previous execution mode.
This is true even of the Trap Base Register (TBR) whose contents
reflect the last trap which occurred before the reset.

Processor Initialization
------------------------

It is the responsibility of the application’s
initialization code to initialize the TBR and install trap
handlers for at least the register window overflow and register
window underflow conditions.  Traps should be enabled before
invoking any subroutines to allow for register window
management.  However, interrupts should be disabled by setting
the Processor Interrupt Level (pil) field of the psr to 15.
RTEMS installs it’s own Trap Table as part of initialization
which is initialized with the contents of the Trap Table in
place when the ``rtems_initialize_executive`` directive was invoked.
Upon completion of executive initialization, interrupts are
enabled.

If this SPARC implementation supports on-chip caching
and this is to be utilized, then it should be enabled during the
reset application initialization code.

In addition to the requirements described in the
Board Support Packages chapter of the C
Applications Users Manual for the reset code
which is executed before the call to``rtems_initialize_executive``, the SPARC version has the following
specific requirements:

- Must leave the S bit of the status register set so that
  the SPARC remains in the supervisor state.

- Must set stack pointer (sp) such that a minimum stack
  size of MINIMUM_STACK_SIZE bytes is provided for the``rtems_initialize_executive`` directive.

- Must disable all external interrupts (i.e. set the pil
  to 15).

- Must enable traps so window overflow and underflow
  conditions can be properly handled.

- Must initialize the SPARC’s initial trap table with at
  least trap handlers for register window overflow and register
  window underflow.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

SPARC-64 Specific Information
#############################

This document discusses the SPARC Version 9 (aka SPARC-64, SPARC64 or SPARC V9)
architecture dependencies in this port of RTEMS.

The SPARC V9 architecture leaves a lot of undefined implemenation dependencies
which are defined by the processor models. Consult the specific CPU model
section in this document for additional documents covering the implementation
dependent architectural features.

**sun4u Specific Information**

sun4u is the subset of the SPARC V9 implementations comprising the UltraSPARC I
through UltraSPARC IV processors.

The following documents were used in developing the SPARC-64 sun4u port:

- UltraSPARC  User’s Manual
  (http://www.sun.com/microelectronics/manuals/ultrasparc/802-7220-02.pdf)

- UltraSPARC IIIi Processor (datasheets.chipdb.org/Sun/UltraSparc-IIIi.pdf)

**sun4v Specific Information**

sun4v is the subset of the SPARC V9 implementations comprising the
UltraSPARC T1 or T2 processors.

The following documents were used in developing the SPARC-64 sun4v port:

- UltraSPARC Architecture 2005 Specification
  (http://opensparc-t1.sunsource.net/specs/UA2005-current-draft-P-EXT.pdf)

- UltraSPARC T1 supplement to UltraSPARC Architecture 2005 Specification
  (http://opensparc-t1.sunsource.net/specs/UST1-UASuppl-current-draft-P-EXT.pdf)

The defining feature that separates the sun4v architecture from its
predecessor is the existence of a super-privileged hypervisor that
is responsible for providing virtualized execution environments.  The impact
of the hypervisor on the real-time guarantees available with sun4v has not
yet been determined.

CPU Model Dependent Features
============================

CPU Model Feature Flags
-----------------------

This section presents the set of features which vary across
SPARC-64 implementations and
are of importance to RTEMS. The set of CPU model feature macros
are defined in the file
cpukit/score/cpu/sparc64/sparc64.h based upon the particular
CPU model defined on the compilation command line.

CPU Model Name
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro CPU MODEL NAME is a string which designates
the name of this CPU model.
For example, for the UltraSPARC T1 SPARC V9 model,
this macro is set to the string "sun4v".

Floating Point Unit
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro SPARC_HAS_FPU is set to 1 to indicate that
this CPU model has a hardware floating point unit and 0
otherwise.

Number of Register Windows
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The macro SPARC_NUMBER_OF_REGISTER_WINDOWS is set to
indicate the number of register window sets implemented by this
CPU model.  The SPARC architecture allows for a maximum of
thirty-two register window sets although most implementations
only include eight.

CPU Model Implementation Notes
------------------------------

This section describes the implemenation dependencies of the
CPU Models sun4u and sun4v of the SPARC V9 architecture.

sun4u Notes
~~~~~~~~~~~

XXX

sun4v Notes
-----------

XXX

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Calling Conventions
===================

Each high-level language compiler generates
subroutine entry and exit code based upon a set of rules known
as the compiler’s calling convention.   These rules address the
following issues:

- register preservation and usage

- parameter passing

- call and return mechanism

A compiler’s calling convention is of importance when
interfacing to subroutines written in another language either
assembly or high-level.  Even when the high-level language and
target processor are the same, different compilers may use
different calling conventions.  As a result, calling conventions
are both processor and compiler dependent.

The following document also provides some conventions on the
global register usage in SPARC V9:
http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/sparcv9abi.html

Programming Model
-----------------

This section discusses the programming model for the
SPARC architecture.

Non-Floating Point Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The SPARC architecture defines thirty-two
non-floating point registers directly visible to the programmer.
These are divided into four sets:

- input registers

- local registers

- output registers

- global registers

Each register is referred to by either two or three
names in the SPARC reference manuals.  First, the registers are
referred to as r0 through r31 or with the alternate notation
r[0] through r[31].  Second, each register is a member of one of
the four sets listed above.  Finally, some registers have an
architecturally defined role in the programming model which
provides an alternate name.  The following table describes the
mapping between the 32 registers and the register sets:

.. code:: c

    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    | Register Number | Register Names |   Description    |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    |     0 - 7       |    g0 - g7     | Global Registers |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    |     8 - 15      |    o0 - o7     | Output Registers |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    |    16 - 23      |    l0 - l7     | Local Registers  |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+
    |    24 - 31      |    i0 - i7     | Input Registers  |
    +-----------------+----------------+------------------+

As mentioned above, some of the registers serve
defined roles in the programming model.  The following table
describes the role of each of these registers:

.. code:: c

    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    | Register Name | Alternate Name |      Description     |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    |     g0        |      na        |    reads return 0    |
    |               |                |  writes are ignored  |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    |     o6        |      sp        |     stack pointer    |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    |     i6        |      fp        |     frame pointer    |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+
    |     i7        |      na        |    return address    |
    +---------------+----------------+----------------------+

Floating Point Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The SPARC V9 architecture includes sixty-four,
thirty-two bit registers.  These registers may be viewed as
follows:

- 32 32-bit single precision floating point or integer registers
  (f0, f1,  ... f31)

- 32 64-bit double precision floating point registers (f0, f2,
  f4, ... f62)

- 16 128-bit extended precision floating point registers (f0, f4,
  f8, ... f60)

The floating point state register (fsr) specifies
the behavior of the floating point unit for rounding, contains
its condition codes, version specification, and trap information.

Special Registers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The SPARC architecture includes a number of special registers:

*``Ancillary State Registers (ASRs)``*
    The ancillary state registers (ASRs) are optional state registers that
    may be privileged or nonprivileged. ASRs 16-31 are implementation-
    dependent. The SPARC V9 ASRs include: y, ccr, asi, tick, pc, fprs.
    The sun4u ASRs include: pcr, pic, dcr, gsr, softint set, softint clr,
    softint, and tick cmpr. The sun4v ASRs include: pcr, pic, gsr, soft-
    int set, softint clr, softint, tick cmpr, stick, and stick cmpr.

*``Processor State Register (pstate)``*
    The privileged pstate register contains control fields for the proces-
    sor’s current state. Its flag fields include the interrupt enable, privi-
    leged mode, and enable FPU.

*``Processor Interrupt Level (pil)``*
    The PIL specifies the interrupt level above which interrupts will be
    accepted.

*``Trap Registers``*
    The trap handling mechanism of the SPARC V9 includes a number of
    registers, including: trap program counter (tpc), trap next pc (tnpc),
    trap state (tstate), trap type (tt), trap base address (tba), and trap
    level (tl).

*``Alternate Globals``*
    The AG bit of the pstate register provides access to an alternate set
    of global registers. On sun4v, the AG bit is replaced by the global
    level (gl) register, providing access to at least two and at most eight
    alternate sets of globals.

*``Register Window registers``*
    A number of registers assist in register window management.
    These include the current window pointer (cwp), savable windows
    (cansave), restorable windows (canrestore), clean windows (clean-
    win), other windows (otherwin), and window state (wstate).

Register Windows
----------------

The SPARC architecture includes the concept of
register windows.  An overly simplistic way to think of these
windows is to imagine them as being an infinite supply of
"fresh" register sets available for each subroutine to use.  In
reality, they are much more complicated.

The save instruction is used to obtain a new register window.
This instruction increments the current window pointer, thus
providing a new set of registers for use. This register set
includes eight fresh local registers for use exclusively by
this subroutine. When done with a register set, the restore
instruction decrements the current window pointer and the
previous register set is once again available.

The two primary issues complicating the use of register windows
are that (1) the set of register windows is finite, and (2) some
registers are shared between adjacent registers windows.

Because the set of register windows is finite, it is
possible to execute enough save instructions without
corresponding restore’s to consume all of the register windows.
This is easily accomplished in a high level language because
each subroutine typically performs a save instruction upon
entry.  Thus having a subroutine call depth greater than the
number of register windows will result in a window overflow
condition.  The window overflow condition generates a trap which
must be handled in software.  The window overflow trap handler
is responsible for saving the contents of the oldest register
window on the program stack.

Similarly, the subroutines will eventually complete
and begin to perform restore’s.  If the restore results in the
need for a register window which has previously been written to
memory as part of an overflow, then a window underflow condition
results.  Just like the window overflow, the window underflow
condition must be handled in software by a trap handler.  The
window underflow trap handler is responsible for reloading the
contents of the register window requested by the restore
instruction from the program stack.

The cansave, canrestore, otherwin, and cwp are used in conjunction
to manage the finite set of register windows and detect the window
overflow and underflow conditions. The first three of these
registers must satisfy the invariant cansave + canrestore + otherwin =
nwindow - 2, where nwindow is the number of register windows.
The cwp contains the index of the register window currently in use.
RTEMS does not use the cleanwin and otherwin registers.

The save instruction increments the cwp modulo the number of
register windows, and if cansave is 0 then it also generates a
window overflow. Similarly, the restore instruction decrements the
cwp modulo the number of register windows, and if canrestore is 0 then it
also generates a window underflow.

Unlike with the SPARC model, the SPARC-64 port does not assume that
a register window is available for a trap. The window overflow
and underflow conditions are not detected without hardware generating
the trap. (These conditions can be detected by reading the register window
registers and doing some simple arithmetic.)

The window overflow and window underflow trap
handlers are a critical part of the run-time environment for a
SPARC application.  The SPARC architectural specification allows
for the number of register windows to be any power of two less
than or equal to 32.  The most common choice for SPARC
implementations appears to be 8 register windows.  This results
in the cwp ranging in value from 0 to 7 on most implementations.

The second complicating factor is the sharing of
registers between adjacent register windows.  While each
register window has its own set of local registers, the input
and output registers are shared between adjacent windows.  The
output registers for register window N are the same as the input
registers for register window ((N + 1) modulo RW) where RW is
the number of register windows.  An alternative way to think of
this is to remember how parameters are passed to a subroutine on
the SPARC.  The caller loads values into what are its output
registers.  Then after the callee executes a save instruction,
those parameters are available in its input registers.  This is
a very efficient way to pass parameters as no data is actually
moved by the save or restore instructions.

Call and Return Mechanism
-------------------------

The SPARC architecture supports a simple yet
effective call and return mechanism.  A subroutine is invoked
via the call (call) instruction.  This instruction places the
return address in the caller’s output register 7 (o7).  After
the callee executes a save instruction, this value is available
in input register 7 (i7) until the corresponding restore
instruction is executed.

The callee returns to the caller via a jmp to the
return address.  There is a delay slot following this
instruction which is commonly used to execute a restore
instruction – if a register window was allocated by this
subroutine.

It is important to note that the SPARC subroutine
call and return mechanism does not automatically save and
restore any registers.  This is accomplished via the save and
restore instructions which manage the set of registers windows.
This allows for the compiler to generate leaf-optimized functions
that utilize the caller’s output registers without using save and restore.

Calling Mechanism
-----------------

All RTEMS directives are invoked using the regular
SPARC calling convention via the call instruction.

Register Usage
--------------

As discussed above, the call instruction does not
automatically save any registers.  The save and restore
instructions are used to allocate and deallocate register
windows.  When a register window is allocated, the new set of
local registers are available for the exclusive use of the
subroutine which allocated this register set.

Parameter Passing
-----------------

RTEMS assumes that arguments are placed in the
caller’s output registers with the first argument in output
register 0 (o0), the second argument in output register 1 (o1),
and so forth.  Until the callee executes a save instruction, the
parameters are still visible in the output registers.  After the
callee executes a save instruction, the parameters are visible
in the corresponding input registers.  The following pseudo-code
illustrates the typical sequence used to call a RTEMS directive
with three (3) arguments:
.. code:: c

    load third argument into o2
    load second argument into o1
    load first argument into o0
    invoke directive

User-Provided Routines
----------------------

All user-provided routines invoked by RTEMS, such as
user extensions, device drivers, and MPCI routines, must also
adhere to these calling conventions.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Memory Model
============

A processor may support any combination of memory
models ranging from pure physical addressing to complex demand
paged virtual memory systems.  RTEMS supports a flat memory
model which ranges contiguously over the processor’s allowable
address space.  RTEMS does not support segmentation or virtual
memory of any kind.  The appropriate memory model for RTEMS
provided by the targeted processor and related characteristics
of that model are described in this chapter.

Flat Memory Model
-----------------

The SPARC-64 architecture supports a flat 64-bit address space with
addresses ranging from 0x0000000000000000 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
Each address is represented by a 64-bit value (and an 8-bit address
space identifider or ASI) and is byte addressable. The address
may be used to reference a single byte, half-word (2-bytes),
word (4 bytes), doubleword (8 bytes), or quad-word (16 bytes).
Memory accesses within this address space are performed
in big endian fashion by the SPARC. Memory accesses which are not
properly aligned generate a "memory address not aligned" trap
(type number 0x34). The following table lists the alignment
requirements for a variety of data accesses:

.. code:: c

    +--------------+-----------------------+
    |   Data Type  | Alignment Requirement |
    +--------------+-----------------------+
    |     byte     |          1            |
    |   half-word  |          2            |
    |     word     |          4            |
    |  doubleword  |          8            |
    |   quadword   |          16           |
    +--------------+-----------------------+

RTEMS currently does not support any SPARC Memory Management
Units, therefore, virtual memory or segmentation systems
involving the SPARC are not supported.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Interrupt Processing
====================

RTEMS and associated documentation uses the terms
interrupt and vector.  In the SPARC architecture, these terms
correspond to traps and trap type, respectively.  The terms will
be used interchangeably in this manual. Note that in the SPARC manuals,
interrupts are a subset of the traps that are delivered to software
interrupt handlers.

Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Traps
-------------------------------------

The SPARC architecture includes two classes of traps:
synchronous (precise) and asynchronous (deferred).
Asynchronous traps occur when an
external event interrupts the processor.  These traps are not
associated with any instruction executed by the processor and
logically occur between instructions.  The instruction currently
in the execute stage of the processor is allowed to complete
although subsequent instructions are annulled.  The return
address reported by the processor for asynchronous traps is the
pair of instructions following the current instruction.

Synchronous traps are caused by the actions of an
instruction.  The trap stimulus in this case either occurs
internally to the processor or is from an external signal that
was provoked by the instruction.  These traps are taken
immediately and the instruction that caused the trap is aborted
before any state changes occur in the processor itself.   The
return address reported by the processor for synchronous traps
is the instruction which caused the trap and the following
instruction.

Vectoring of Interrupt Handler
------------------------------

Upon receipt of an interrupt the SPARC automatically
performs the following actions:

- The trap level is set. This provides access to a fresh set of
  privileged trap-state registers used to save the current state,
  in effect, pushing a frame on the trap stack.
  TL <- TL + 1

- Existing state is preserved
  - TSTATE[TL].CCR <- CCR
  - TSTATE[TL].ASI <- ASI
  - TSTATE[TL].PSTATE <- PSTATE
  - TSTATE[TL].CWP <- CWP
  - TPC[TL] <- PC
  - TNPC[TL] <- nPC

- The trap type is preserved. TT[TL] <- the trap type

- The PSTATE register is updated to a predefined state
  - PSTATE.MM is unchanged
  - PSTATE.RED <- 0
  - PSTATE.PEF <- 1 if FPU is present, 0 otherwise
  - PSTATE.AM <- 0 (address masking is turned off)
  - PSTATE.PRIV <- 1 (the processor enters privileged mode)
  - PSTATE.IE <- 0 (interrupts are disabled)
  - PSTATE.AG <- 1 (global regs are replaced with alternate globals)
  - PSTATE.CLE <- PSTATE.TLE (set endian mode for traps)

- For a register-window trap only, CWP is set to point to the register
  window that must be accessed by the trap-handler software, that is:

  - If TT[TL] = 0x24 (a clean window trap), then CWP <- CWP + 1.
  - If (0x80 <= TT[TL] <= 0xBF) (window spill trap), then CWP <- CWP +
    CANSAVE + 2.
  - If (0xC0 <= TT[TL] <= 0xFF) (window fill trap), then CWP <- CWP1.
  - For non-register-window traps, CWP is not changed.

- Control is transferred into the trap table:

  - PC <- TBA<63:15> (TL>0) TT[TL] 0 0000
  - nPC <- TBA<63:15> (TL>0) TT[TL] 0 0100
  - where (TL>0) is 0 if TL = 0, and 1 if TL > 0.

In order to safely invoke a subroutine during trap handling, traps must be
enabled to allow for the possibility of register window overflow and
underflow traps.

If the interrupt handler was installed as an RTEMS
interrupt handler, then upon receipt of the interrupt, the
processor passes control to the RTEMS interrupt handler which
performs the following actions:

- saves the state of the interrupted task on it’s stack,

- switches the processor to trap level 0,

- if this is the outermost (i.e. non-nested) interrupt,
  then the RTEMS interrupt handler switches from the current stack
  to the interrupt stack,

- enables traps,

- invokes the vectors to a user interrupt service routine (ISR).

Asynchronous interrupts are ignored while traps are
disabled.  Synchronous traps which occur while traps are
disabled may result in the CPU being forced into an error mode.

A nested interrupt is processed similarly with the
exception that the current stack need not be switched to the
interrupt stack.

Traps and Register Windows
--------------------------

XXX

Interrupt Levels
----------------

Sixteen levels (0-15) of interrupt priorities are
supported by the SPARC architecture with level fifteen (15)
being the highest priority.  Level zero (0) indicates that
interrupts are fully enabled.  Interrupt requests for interrupts
with priorities less than or equal to the current interrupt mask
level are ignored.

Although RTEMS supports 256 interrupt levels, the
SPARC only supports sixteen.  RTEMS interrupt levels 0 through
15 directly correspond to SPARC processor interrupt levels.  All
other RTEMS interrupt levels are undefined and their behavior is
unpredictable.

Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS
--------------------------------

XXX

Interrupt Stack
---------------

The SPARC architecture does not provide for a
dedicated interrupt stack.  Thus by default, trap handlers would
execute on the stack of the RTEMS task which they interrupted.
This artificially inflates the stack requirements for each task
since EVERY task stack would have to include enough space to
account for the worst case interrupt stack requirements in
addition to it’s own worst case usage.  RTEMS addresses this
problem on the SPARC by providing a dedicated interrupt stack
managed by software.

During system initialization, RTEMS allocates the
interrupt stack from the Workspace Area.  The amount of memory
allocated for the interrupt stack is determined by the
interrupt_stack_size field in the CPU Configuration Table.  As
part of processing a non-nested interrupt, RTEMS will switch to
the interrupt stack before invoking the installed handler.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Default Fatal Error Processing
==============================

Upon detection of a fatal error by either the
application or RTEMS the fatal error manager is invoked.  The
fatal error manager will invoke the user-supplied fatal error
handlers.  If no user-supplied handlers are configured,  the
RTEMS provided default fatal error handler is invoked.  If the
user-supplied fatal error handlers return to the executive the
default fatal error handler is then invoked.  This chapter
describes the precise operations of the default fatal error
handler.

Default Fatal Error Handler Operations
--------------------------------------

The default fatal error handler which is invoked by
the fatal_error_occurred directive when there is no user handler
configured or the user handler returns control to RTEMS.  The
default fatal error handler disables processor interrupts to
level 15, places the error code in g1, and goes into an infinite
loop to simulate a halt processor instruction.

Symmetric Multiprocessing
=========================

SMP is not supported.

Thread-Local Storage
====================

Thread-local storage is supported.

.. COMMENT: COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-2002.

.. COMMENT: On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).

.. COMMENT: All rights reserved.

Board Support Packages
======================

An RTEMS Board Support Package (BSP) must be designed
to support a particular processor and target board combination.
This chapter presents a discussion of SPARC specific BSP issues.
For more information on developing a BSP, refer to the chapter
titled Board Support Packages in the RTEMS
Applications User’s Guide.

HelenOS and Open Firmware
-------------------------

The provided BSPs make use of some bootstrap and low-level hardware code
of the HelenOS operating system. These files can be found in the shared/helenos
directory of the sparc64 bsp directory.  Consult the sources for more
detailed information.

The shared BSP code also uses the Open Firmware interface to re-use firmware
code, primarily for console support and default trap handlers.

Command and Variable Index
##########################

There are currently no Command and Variable Index entries.

.. COMMENT: @printindex fn

Concept Index
#############

There are currently no Concept Index entries.

.. COMMENT: @printindex cp